Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Evernic Acid in an MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease Model
<b> </b>Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which suggests that anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory compounds might provide an alternative treatment for PD. Here, we evaluated the n...
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doaj-0cfd7ae04cf14df58bcc0ffd8db003f72021-02-21T00:03:36ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-02-01222098209810.3390/ijms22042098Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Evernic Acid in an MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease ModelSeulah Lee0Yeon Ji Suh1Seonguk Yang2Dong Geun Hong3Akihito Ishigami4Hangun Kim5Jae-Seoun Hur6Seung-Cheol Chang7Jaewon Lee8Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, KoreaDepartment of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, KoreaDepartment of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, KoreaDepartment of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, KoreaMolecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, JapanCollege of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, KoreaKorean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, KoreaDepartment of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, KoreaDepartment of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea<b> </b>Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which suggests that anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory compounds might provide an alternative treatment for PD. Here, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of evernic aid (EA), which was screened from a lichen library provided by the Korean Lichen Research Institute at Sunchon National University. EA is a secondary metabolite generated by lichens, including <i>Ramalina</i><i>, Evernia, </i>and<i> </i><i>Hypogymnia</i>, and several studies have described its anticancer, antifungal, and antimicrobial effects. However, the neuroprotective effects of EA have not been studied. We found that EA protected primary cultured neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridium (MPP<sup>+</sup><sub>)</sub>-induced cell death, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress, and effectively reduced MPP<sup>+</sup>-induced astroglial activation by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. In vivo, EA ameliorated MPTP-induced motor dysfunction, dopaminergic neuronal loss, and neuroinflammation in the nigrostriatal pathway in C57BL/6 mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that EA has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in PD models and suggest that EA is a potential therapeutic candidate for PD.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/4/2098Parkinson’s diseaseevernic acid1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridineneuroprotectionneuroinflammationanti-inflammation |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Seulah Lee Yeon Ji Suh Seonguk Yang Dong Geun Hong Akihito Ishigami Hangun Kim Jae-Seoun Hur Seung-Cheol Chang Jaewon Lee |
spellingShingle |
Seulah Lee Yeon Ji Suh Seonguk Yang Dong Geun Hong Akihito Ishigami Hangun Kim Jae-Seoun Hur Seung-Cheol Chang Jaewon Lee Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Evernic Acid in an MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease Model International Journal of Molecular Sciences Parkinson’s disease evernic acid 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neuroprotection neuroinflammation anti-inflammation |
author_facet |
Seulah Lee Yeon Ji Suh Seonguk Yang Dong Geun Hong Akihito Ishigami Hangun Kim Jae-Seoun Hur Seung-Cheol Chang Jaewon Lee |
author_sort |
Seulah Lee |
title |
Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Evernic Acid in an MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease Model |
title_short |
Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Evernic Acid in an MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease Model |
title_full |
Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Evernic Acid in an MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease Model |
title_fullStr |
Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Evernic Acid in an MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease Model |
title_full_unstemmed |
Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Evernic Acid in an MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease Model |
title_sort |
neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of evernic acid in an mptp-induced parkinson’s disease model |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1661-6596 1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2021-02-01 |
description |
<b> </b>Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which suggests that anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory compounds might provide an alternative treatment for PD. Here, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of evernic aid (EA), which was screened from a lichen library provided by the Korean Lichen Research Institute at Sunchon National University. EA is a secondary metabolite generated by lichens, including <i>Ramalina</i><i>, Evernia, </i>and<i> </i><i>Hypogymnia</i>, and several studies have described its anticancer, antifungal, and antimicrobial effects. However, the neuroprotective effects of EA have not been studied. We found that EA protected primary cultured neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridium (MPP<sup>+</sup><sub>)</sub>-induced cell death, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress, and effectively reduced MPP<sup>+</sup>-induced astroglial activation by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. In vivo, EA ameliorated MPTP-induced motor dysfunction, dopaminergic neuronal loss, and neuroinflammation in the nigrostriatal pathway in C57BL/6 mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that EA has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in PD models and suggest that EA is a potential therapeutic candidate for PD. |
topic |
Parkinson’s disease evernic acid 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neuroprotection neuroinflammation anti-inflammation |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/4/2098 |
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