Response Processes to Looming Appetitive and Aversive Cues in Euthymic Bipolar Patients and Their First-Degree Relatives: An Exploratory Study
Background: Patients with bipolar disorder demonstrate increased sensitivity to appetitive/rewarding stimuli even during euthymia. On presentation of arousing pictures, they show a peculiar response, suggesting heightened vigilance. While responding to looming arousing cues, studies show subjects wi...
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doaj-0db67440080c4f6bbc2c7bb3ca4863fc2021-08-09T15:03:30ZengSAGE PublishingIndian Journal of Psychological Medicine0253-71760975-15642021-05-014310.1177/0253717620975285Response Processes to Looming Appetitive and Aversive Cues in Euthymic Bipolar Patients and Their First-Degree Relatives: An Exploratory StudyVelprashanth Venkatesan0Christoday R J Khess1Umesh Shreekantiah2Nishant Goyal3K. K. Kshitiz4 K. S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences and Dept. of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. S. S. Raju Centre for Deaddiction Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. K. S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences and Dept. of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. K. S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences and Dept. of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. Dept. of Biochemistry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.Background: Patients with bipolar disorder demonstrate increased sensitivity to appetitive/rewarding stimuli even during euthymia. On presentation of arousing pictures, they show a peculiar response, suggesting heightened vigilance. While responding to looming arousing cues, studies show subjects with anxiety spectrum disorders exhibit increased reaction time (RT), explained by the “looming-vulnerability model.” This study aimed to investigate the responses to looming arousing cues in euthymic bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives, as compared to healthy controls. Method: A looming appetitive and aversive cue paradigm was designed for assessing the RT of patients to process appetitive and aversive cues. The behavioral inhibition/activation and sensitivity to reward/punishment amongst the groups were also assessed. Results: The bipolar group showed significantly longer RT to process appetitive cues irrespective of the looming condition. Aversive cues elicited significantly longer RT in both the bipolar group and in first-degree relatives, but only when presented with the looming condition. Significant looming bias was elicited in the bipolar group which suggested a particular cognitive style to looming cues. A composite measure of RT along with sensitivity to reward/punishment distinguishes the bipolar group and their first-degree relatives from the healthy controls. Conclusion: The looming vulnerability model may provide important insights for future exploration of cognitive endophenotypes in bipolar disorder.https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620975285 |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Velprashanth Venkatesan Christoday R J Khess Umesh Shreekantiah Nishant Goyal K. K. Kshitiz |
spellingShingle |
Velprashanth Venkatesan Christoday R J Khess Umesh Shreekantiah Nishant Goyal K. K. Kshitiz Response Processes to Looming Appetitive and Aversive Cues in Euthymic Bipolar Patients and Their First-Degree Relatives: An Exploratory Study Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine |
author_facet |
Velprashanth Venkatesan Christoday R J Khess Umesh Shreekantiah Nishant Goyal K. K. Kshitiz |
author_sort |
Velprashanth Venkatesan |
title |
Response Processes to Looming Appetitive and Aversive Cues in Euthymic Bipolar Patients and Their First-Degree Relatives: An Exploratory Study |
title_short |
Response Processes to Looming Appetitive and Aversive Cues in Euthymic Bipolar Patients and Their First-Degree Relatives: An Exploratory Study |
title_full |
Response Processes to Looming Appetitive and Aversive Cues in Euthymic Bipolar Patients and Their First-Degree Relatives: An Exploratory Study |
title_fullStr |
Response Processes to Looming Appetitive and Aversive Cues in Euthymic Bipolar Patients and Their First-Degree Relatives: An Exploratory Study |
title_full_unstemmed |
Response Processes to Looming Appetitive and Aversive Cues in Euthymic Bipolar Patients and Their First-Degree Relatives: An Exploratory Study |
title_sort |
response processes to looming appetitive and aversive cues in euthymic bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives: an exploratory study |
publisher |
SAGE Publishing |
series |
Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine |
issn |
0253-7176 0975-1564 |
publishDate |
2021-05-01 |
description |
Background: Patients with bipolar disorder demonstrate increased sensitivity to appetitive/rewarding stimuli even during euthymia. On presentation of arousing pictures, they show a peculiar response, suggesting heightened vigilance. While responding to looming arousing cues, studies show subjects with anxiety spectrum disorders exhibit increased reaction time (RT), explained by the “looming-vulnerability model.” This study aimed to investigate the responses to looming arousing cues in euthymic bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives, as compared to healthy controls. Method: A looming appetitive and aversive cue paradigm was designed for assessing the RT of patients to process appetitive and aversive cues. The behavioral inhibition/activation and sensitivity to reward/punishment amongst the groups were also assessed. Results: The bipolar group showed significantly longer RT to process appetitive cues irrespective of the looming condition. Aversive cues elicited significantly longer RT in both the bipolar group and in first-degree relatives, but only when presented with the looming condition. Significant looming bias was elicited in the bipolar group which suggested a particular cognitive style to looming cues. A composite measure of RT along with sensitivity to reward/punishment distinguishes the bipolar group and their first-degree relatives from the healthy controls. Conclusion: The looming vulnerability model may provide important insights for future exploration of cognitive endophenotypes in bipolar disorder. |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620975285 |
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