Protein Requirements of Pre-Menopausal Female Athletes: Systematic Literature Review
This systematic literature review aimed to determine the protein requirements of pre-menopausal (e.g., 18–45 years) female athletes and identify if the menstrual cycle phase and/or hormonal contraceptive use influence protein requirements. Four databases were searched for original research containin...
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2020-11-01
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Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/11/3527 |
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doaj-0fc7e8f9ee914c7bb4560a8636bc1c272020-11-25T04:02:44ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432020-11-01123527352710.3390/nu12113527Protein Requirements of Pre-Menopausal Female Athletes: Systematic Literature ReviewDrew Mercer0Lilia Convit1Dominique Condo2Amelia J. Carr3D. Lee Hamilton4Gary Slater5Rhiannon M. J. Snipe6Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, AustraliaCentre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, AustraliaCentre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, AustraliaCentre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, AustraliaInstitute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, AustraliaSchool of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, AustraliaCentre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, AustraliaThis systematic literature review aimed to determine the protein requirements of pre-menopausal (e.g., 18–45 years) female athletes and identify if the menstrual cycle phase and/or hormonal contraceptive use influence protein requirements. Four databases were searched for original research containing pre-menopausal female athletes that ingested protein alongside exercise. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist was used to determine study quality. Fourteen studies, which included 204 recreationally active or competitive females, met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review, and all were assessed as positive quality. The estimated average requirement (EAR) for protein intake of pre-menopausal recreational and/or competitive female athletes is similar for those undertaking aerobic endurance (1.28–1.63 g/kg/day), resistance (1.49 g/kg/day) and intermittent exercise (1.41 g/kg/day) of ~60–90 min duration. The optimal acute protein intake and influence of menstrual cycle phase or hormonal contraceptive use on protein requirements could not be determined. However, pre- and post-exercise protein intakes of 0.32–0.38 g/kg have demonstrated beneficial physiological responses in recreational and competitive female athletes completing resistance and intermittent exercise. The protein requirements outlined in this review can be used for planning and assessing protein intakes of recreational and competitive pre-menopausal female athletes.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/11/3527amino acidsmuscle proteinexercisemenstrual cyclecontraceptives |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Drew Mercer Lilia Convit Dominique Condo Amelia J. Carr D. Lee Hamilton Gary Slater Rhiannon M. J. Snipe |
spellingShingle |
Drew Mercer Lilia Convit Dominique Condo Amelia J. Carr D. Lee Hamilton Gary Slater Rhiannon M. J. Snipe Protein Requirements of Pre-Menopausal Female Athletes: Systematic Literature Review Nutrients amino acids muscle protein exercise menstrual cycle contraceptives |
author_facet |
Drew Mercer Lilia Convit Dominique Condo Amelia J. Carr D. Lee Hamilton Gary Slater Rhiannon M. J. Snipe |
author_sort |
Drew Mercer |
title |
Protein Requirements of Pre-Menopausal Female Athletes: Systematic Literature Review |
title_short |
Protein Requirements of Pre-Menopausal Female Athletes: Systematic Literature Review |
title_full |
Protein Requirements of Pre-Menopausal Female Athletes: Systematic Literature Review |
title_fullStr |
Protein Requirements of Pre-Menopausal Female Athletes: Systematic Literature Review |
title_full_unstemmed |
Protein Requirements of Pre-Menopausal Female Athletes: Systematic Literature Review |
title_sort |
protein requirements of pre-menopausal female athletes: systematic literature review |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Nutrients |
issn |
2072-6643 |
publishDate |
2020-11-01 |
description |
This systematic literature review aimed to determine the protein requirements of pre-menopausal (e.g., 18–45 years) female athletes and identify if the menstrual cycle phase and/or hormonal contraceptive use influence protein requirements. Four databases were searched for original research containing pre-menopausal female athletes that ingested protein alongside exercise. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist was used to determine study quality. Fourteen studies, which included 204 recreationally active or competitive females, met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review, and all were assessed as positive quality. The estimated average requirement (EAR) for protein intake of pre-menopausal recreational and/or competitive female athletes is similar for those undertaking aerobic endurance (1.28–1.63 g/kg/day), resistance (1.49 g/kg/day) and intermittent exercise (1.41 g/kg/day) of ~60–90 min duration. The optimal acute protein intake and influence of menstrual cycle phase or hormonal contraceptive use on protein requirements could not be determined. However, pre- and post-exercise protein intakes of 0.32–0.38 g/kg have demonstrated beneficial physiological responses in recreational and competitive female athletes completing resistance and intermittent exercise. The protein requirements outlined in this review can be used for planning and assessing protein intakes of recreational and competitive pre-menopausal female athletes. |
topic |
amino acids muscle protein exercise menstrual cycle contraceptives |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/11/3527 |
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