| Summary: | <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Concomitant infections may influence HIV progression by causing chronic activation leading to decline in T-cell function. In the Americas, visceral (AVL) and tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) have emerged as important opportunistic infections in HIV-AIDS patients and both of those diseases have been implicated as potentially important co-factors in disease progression. We investigated whether leishmaniasis increases lymphocyte activation in HIV-1 co-infected patients. This might contribute to impaired cellular immune function.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To address this issue we analyzed CD4<sup>+ </sup>T absolute counts and the proportion of CD8<sup>+ </sup>T cells expressing CD38 in <it>Leishmania</it>/HIV co-infected patients that recovered after anti-leishmanial therapy.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found that, despite clinical remission of leishmaniasis, AVL co-infected patients presented a more severe immunossupression as suggested by CD4<sup>+ </sup>T cell counts under 200 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>, differing from ATL/HIV-AIDS cases that tends to show higher lymphocytes levels (over 350 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>). Furthermore, five out of nine, AVL/HIV-AIDS presented low CD4<sup>+ </sup>T cell counts in spite of low or undetectable viral load. Expression of CD38 on CD8<sup>+ </sup>T lymphocytes was significantly higher in AVL or ATL/HIV-AIDS cases compared to HIV/AIDS patients without leishmaniasis or healthy subjects.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p><it>Leishmania </it>infection can increase the degree of immune system activation in individuals concomitantly infected with HIV. In addition, AVL/HIV-AIDS patients can present low CD4<sup>+ </sup>T cell counts and higher proportion of activated T lymphocytes even when HIV viral load is suppressed under HAART. This fact can cause a misinterpretation of these laboratorial markers in co-infected patients.</p>
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