Occurrence and Prevention of Delayed Autonomous Selfing in Salvia umbratica (Lamiaceae)
Delayed autonomous selfing (DAS) provides reproductive assurance under conditions of pollinator and/or pollen-limitation. Few plant species have been investigated to determine if DAS is terminated when a flower is sufficiently pollinated by a pollen vector, thereby saving plant resources for other p...
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doaj-112a4aebe1fb4c9895b0b4377c1da2022021-07-26T15:12:04ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2021-07-011210.3389/fpls.2021.635310635310Occurrence and Prevention of Delayed Autonomous Selfing in Salvia umbratica (Lamiaceae)Han-Wen Xiao0Han-Wen Xiao1Yan-Bo Huang2Yan-Bo Huang3Yu-Hang Chang4Yun Chen5Yun Chen6Richard J. Abbott7Yu-Kun Wei8Yu-Kun Wei9Yong-Peng Ma10Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, ChinaEastern China Conservation Center for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai, ChinaShanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, ChinaEastern China Conservation Center for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai, ChinaYunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species With Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, ChinaShanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, ChinaEastern China Conservation Center for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai, ChinaSchool of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United KingdomShanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, ChinaEastern China Conservation Center for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai, ChinaYunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species With Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, ChinaDelayed autonomous selfing (DAS) provides reproductive assurance under conditions of pollinator and/or pollen-limitation. Few plant species have been investigated to determine if DAS is terminated when a flower is sufficiently pollinated by a pollen vector, thereby saving plant resources for other purposes. We examined this possibility in bumblebee-pollinated Salvia umbratica. We first showed that DAS resulting in high fruit set (100%) and seed set (>80%) per flower occurred in the absence of insect pollinators by means of style recurvature and was completed in 94% of flowers 72 h after they opened. In contrast, in flowers pollinated immediately after opening, DAS was prevented by corollas dropping away before styles recurve toward the upper thecae. We next showed that hand-pollination of flowers immediately after they opened resulted in high fruit set (100%) and seed set (>80%) when 5–10 pollen grains or more were deposited on their stigmas, whereas fruit set and seed set were reduced to 45.00 and 22.50%, respectively, when pollen loads were reduced to 1–3 pollen grains. Finally, we showed that on average single pollinator visits deposited 26 pollen grains on stigmas of flowers that had just opened, which is more than enough to ensure high fruit and seed set. Our results indicate that flower longevity is highly correlated with the pollinator environment and female fitness of S. umbratica, with extended flower longevity allowing DAS to occur being advantageous when pollinators are absent, while reduced floral longevity and prevention of DAS being favored when flowers are pollinated by pollinators. Thus, flower longevity in S. umbratica varies so as to optimize reproductive output and resource efforts, and is dependent on the availability and effectiveness of pollinators to pollinate flowers.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.635310/fulldelayed self-pollinationpollen-limitationrecurving stylesseed setSalviaLamiaceae |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Han-Wen Xiao Han-Wen Xiao Yan-Bo Huang Yan-Bo Huang Yu-Hang Chang Yun Chen Yun Chen Richard J. Abbott Yu-Kun Wei Yu-Kun Wei Yong-Peng Ma |
spellingShingle |
Han-Wen Xiao Han-Wen Xiao Yan-Bo Huang Yan-Bo Huang Yu-Hang Chang Yun Chen Yun Chen Richard J. Abbott Yu-Kun Wei Yu-Kun Wei Yong-Peng Ma Occurrence and Prevention of Delayed Autonomous Selfing in Salvia umbratica (Lamiaceae) Frontiers in Plant Science delayed self-pollination pollen-limitation recurving styles seed set Salvia Lamiaceae |
author_facet |
Han-Wen Xiao Han-Wen Xiao Yan-Bo Huang Yan-Bo Huang Yu-Hang Chang Yun Chen Yun Chen Richard J. Abbott Yu-Kun Wei Yu-Kun Wei Yong-Peng Ma |
author_sort |
Han-Wen Xiao |
title |
Occurrence and Prevention of Delayed Autonomous Selfing in Salvia umbratica (Lamiaceae) |
title_short |
Occurrence and Prevention of Delayed Autonomous Selfing in Salvia umbratica (Lamiaceae) |
title_full |
Occurrence and Prevention of Delayed Autonomous Selfing in Salvia umbratica (Lamiaceae) |
title_fullStr |
Occurrence and Prevention of Delayed Autonomous Selfing in Salvia umbratica (Lamiaceae) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Occurrence and Prevention of Delayed Autonomous Selfing in Salvia umbratica (Lamiaceae) |
title_sort |
occurrence and prevention of delayed autonomous selfing in salvia umbratica (lamiaceae) |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Plant Science |
issn |
1664-462X |
publishDate |
2021-07-01 |
description |
Delayed autonomous selfing (DAS) provides reproductive assurance under conditions of pollinator and/or pollen-limitation. Few plant species have been investigated to determine if DAS is terminated when a flower is sufficiently pollinated by a pollen vector, thereby saving plant resources for other purposes. We examined this possibility in bumblebee-pollinated Salvia umbratica. We first showed that DAS resulting in high fruit set (100%) and seed set (>80%) per flower occurred in the absence of insect pollinators by means of style recurvature and was completed in 94% of flowers 72 h after they opened. In contrast, in flowers pollinated immediately after opening, DAS was prevented by corollas dropping away before styles recurve toward the upper thecae. We next showed that hand-pollination of flowers immediately after they opened resulted in high fruit set (100%) and seed set (>80%) when 5–10 pollen grains or more were deposited on their stigmas, whereas fruit set and seed set were reduced to 45.00 and 22.50%, respectively, when pollen loads were reduced to 1–3 pollen grains. Finally, we showed that on average single pollinator visits deposited 26 pollen grains on stigmas of flowers that had just opened, which is more than enough to ensure high fruit and seed set. Our results indicate that flower longevity is highly correlated with the pollinator environment and female fitness of S. umbratica, with extended flower longevity allowing DAS to occur being advantageous when pollinators are absent, while reduced floral longevity and prevention of DAS being favored when flowers are pollinated by pollinators. Thus, flower longevity in S. umbratica varies so as to optimize reproductive output and resource efforts, and is dependent on the availability and effectiveness of pollinators to pollinate flowers. |
topic |
delayed self-pollination pollen-limitation recurving styles seed set Salvia Lamiaceae |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.635310/full |
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