Annealing effects on interdiffusion in layered FA-rich perovskite solar cells
Annealing is one of the processing methods that are used for the fabrication of defect-free, photoactive perovskite films with compact grains in highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Thus, the annealing temperature is a key parameter for the control of the interdiffusion (of con...
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2021-06-01
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doaj-128698beb1814689abad38cc021c3a612021-07-08T13:20:02ZengAIP Publishing LLCAIP Advances2158-32262021-06-01116065327065327-1210.1063/5.0046205Annealing effects on interdiffusion in layered FA-rich perovskite solar cellsD. O. Oyewole0R. K. Koech1R. Ichwani2R. Ahmed3J. Hinostroza Tamayo4S. A. Adeniji5J. Cromwell6E. Colin Ulloa7O. K. Oyewole8B. Agyei-Tuffour9L. V. Titova10N. A. Burnham11W. O. Soboyejo12Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USADepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Km 10 Airport Road, Galadimawa, P.M.B. 681, Garki-Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, NigeriaMaterials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USAMaterials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USADepartment of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USADepartment of Theoretical and Applied Physics, African University of Science and Technology, Km 10, Airport Road, Galadimawa, P.M.B. 681, Garki-Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, NigeriaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USADepartment of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USAMaterials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USADepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, GhanaDepartment of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USADepartment of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USAMaterials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USAAnnealing is one of the processing methods that are used for the fabrication of defect-free, photoactive perovskite films with compact grains in highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Thus, the annealing temperature is a key parameter for the control of the interdiffusion (of constituent elements) in photoactive films. In this paper, we present the results of a systematic study of the effects of annealing on the interdiffusion of constituent elements in efficient formamidinium-based PSCs. We also explore the effects of annealing-induced interdiffusion on layer microstructures, local strains, and the optoelectronic properties of perovskite films. We observe a dramatic upward diffusion of tin (Sn) and titanium (Ti) from fluorine-doped tin oxide and titanium dioxide (TiO2) to the perovskite films. We also observe a downward diffusion of lead (Pb) and iodine (I) from the perovskite films to the mesoporous layer of the electron transporting layer (ETL), after annealing at temperatures between 100 and 150 °C. The diffused I substitutes for Ti in the ETL, which improves the optoelectronic properties of the films, for annealing temperatures between 100 and 130 °C. The annealing-induced interdiffusion that occurs at higher temperatures (between 140 and 150 °C) results in higher levels of interdiffusion, along with increased local strains that lead to the nucleation of pores and cracks. Finally, the implications of the results are discussed for the design of PSCs with improved photoconversion efficiencies and stability.http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0046205 |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
D. O. Oyewole R. K. Koech R. Ichwani R. Ahmed J. Hinostroza Tamayo S. A. Adeniji J. Cromwell E. Colin Ulloa O. K. Oyewole B. Agyei-Tuffour L. V. Titova N. A. Burnham W. O. Soboyejo |
spellingShingle |
D. O. Oyewole R. K. Koech R. Ichwani R. Ahmed J. Hinostroza Tamayo S. A. Adeniji J. Cromwell E. Colin Ulloa O. K. Oyewole B. Agyei-Tuffour L. V. Titova N. A. Burnham W. O. Soboyejo Annealing effects on interdiffusion in layered FA-rich perovskite solar cells AIP Advances |
author_facet |
D. O. Oyewole R. K. Koech R. Ichwani R. Ahmed J. Hinostroza Tamayo S. A. Adeniji J. Cromwell E. Colin Ulloa O. K. Oyewole B. Agyei-Tuffour L. V. Titova N. A. Burnham W. O. Soboyejo |
author_sort |
D. O. Oyewole |
title |
Annealing effects on interdiffusion in layered FA-rich perovskite solar cells |
title_short |
Annealing effects on interdiffusion in layered FA-rich perovskite solar cells |
title_full |
Annealing effects on interdiffusion in layered FA-rich perovskite solar cells |
title_fullStr |
Annealing effects on interdiffusion in layered FA-rich perovskite solar cells |
title_full_unstemmed |
Annealing effects on interdiffusion in layered FA-rich perovskite solar cells |
title_sort |
annealing effects on interdiffusion in layered fa-rich perovskite solar cells |
publisher |
AIP Publishing LLC |
series |
AIP Advances |
issn |
2158-3226 |
publishDate |
2021-06-01 |
description |
Annealing is one of the processing methods that are used for the fabrication of defect-free, photoactive perovskite films with compact grains in highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Thus, the annealing temperature is a key parameter for the control of the interdiffusion (of constituent elements) in photoactive films. In this paper, we present the results of a systematic study of the effects of annealing on the interdiffusion of constituent elements in efficient formamidinium-based PSCs. We also explore the effects of annealing-induced interdiffusion on layer microstructures, local strains, and the optoelectronic properties of perovskite films. We observe a dramatic upward diffusion of tin (Sn) and titanium (Ti) from fluorine-doped tin oxide and titanium dioxide (TiO2) to the perovskite films. We also observe a downward diffusion of lead (Pb) and iodine (I) from the perovskite films to the mesoporous layer of the electron transporting layer (ETL), after annealing at temperatures between 100 and 150 °C. The diffused I substitutes for Ti in the ETL, which improves the optoelectronic properties of the films, for annealing temperatures between 100 and 130 °C. The annealing-induced interdiffusion that occurs at higher temperatures (between 140 and 150 °C) results in higher levels of interdiffusion, along with increased local strains that lead to the nucleation of pores and cracks. Finally, the implications of the results are discussed for the design of PSCs with improved photoconversion efficiencies and stability. |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0046205 |
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