The Effect of Climate Change and the Snail-Schistosome Cycle in Transmission and Bio-Control of Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa
In the next century, global warming, due to changes in climatic factors, is expected to have an enormous influence on the interactions between pathogens and their hosts. Over the years, the rate at which vector-borne diseases and their transmission dynamics modify and develop has been shown to be hi...
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doaj-13a9d22a36414a268eecbd062a66b9d12020-11-25T02:47:37ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1660-46012019-12-0117118110.3390/ijerph17010181ijerph17010181The Effect of Climate Change and the Snail-Schistosome Cycle in Transmission and Bio-Control of Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan AfricaTayo Alex Adekiya0Raphael Taiwo Aruleba1Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye2Kazeem Oare Okosun3Abidemi Paul Kappo4Biotechnology and Structural Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South AfricaBiotechnology and Structural Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South AfricaBiotechnology and Structural Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South AfricaDepartment of Mathematics, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South AfricaBiotechnology and Structural Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South AfricaIn the next century, global warming, due to changes in climatic factors, is expected to have an enormous influence on the interactions between pathogens and their hosts. Over the years, the rate at which vector-borne diseases and their transmission dynamics modify and develop has been shown to be highly dependent to a certain extent on changes in temperature and geographical distribution. Schistosomiasis has been recognized as a tropical and neglected vector-borne disease whose rate of infection has been predicted to be elevated worldwide, especially in sub-Saharan Africa; the region currently with the highest proportion of people at risk, due to changes in climate. This review not only suggests the need to develop an efficient and effective model that will predict <i>Schistosoma</i> spp. population dynamics but seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of several current control strategies. The design of a framework model to predict and accommodate the future incidence of schistosomiasis in human population dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa is proposed. The impact of climate change on schistosomiasis transmission as well as the distribution of several freshwater snails responsible for the transmission of <i>Schistosoma</i> parasites in the region is also reviewed. Lastly, this article advocates for modelling several control mechanisms for schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa so as to tackle the re-infection of the disease, even after treating infected people with praziquantel, the first-line treatment drug for schistosomiasis.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/1/181<i>biomphalaria</i> spp.<i>bulinus</i> spp.cercariaeclimate changeschistosomiasissub-saharan africa |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Tayo Alex Adekiya Raphael Taiwo Aruleba Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye Kazeem Oare Okosun Abidemi Paul Kappo |
spellingShingle |
Tayo Alex Adekiya Raphael Taiwo Aruleba Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye Kazeem Oare Okosun Abidemi Paul Kappo The Effect of Climate Change and the Snail-Schistosome Cycle in Transmission and Bio-Control of Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health <i>biomphalaria</i> spp. <i>bulinus</i> spp. cercariae climate change schistosomiasis sub-saharan africa |
author_facet |
Tayo Alex Adekiya Raphael Taiwo Aruleba Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye Kazeem Oare Okosun Abidemi Paul Kappo |
author_sort |
Tayo Alex Adekiya |
title |
The Effect of Climate Change and the Snail-Schistosome Cycle in Transmission and Bio-Control of Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa |
title_short |
The Effect of Climate Change and the Snail-Schistosome Cycle in Transmission and Bio-Control of Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa |
title_full |
The Effect of Climate Change and the Snail-Schistosome Cycle in Transmission and Bio-Control of Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa |
title_fullStr |
The Effect of Climate Change and the Snail-Schistosome Cycle in Transmission and Bio-Control of Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Effect of Climate Change and the Snail-Schistosome Cycle in Transmission and Bio-Control of Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa |
title_sort |
effect of climate change and the snail-schistosome cycle in transmission and bio-control of schistosomiasis in sub-saharan africa |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
issn |
1660-4601 |
publishDate |
2019-12-01 |
description |
In the next century, global warming, due to changes in climatic factors, is expected to have an enormous influence on the interactions between pathogens and their hosts. Over the years, the rate at which vector-borne diseases and their transmission dynamics modify and develop has been shown to be highly dependent to a certain extent on changes in temperature and geographical distribution. Schistosomiasis has been recognized as a tropical and neglected vector-borne disease whose rate of infection has been predicted to be elevated worldwide, especially in sub-Saharan Africa; the region currently with the highest proportion of people at risk, due to changes in climate. This review not only suggests the need to develop an efficient and effective model that will predict <i>Schistosoma</i> spp. population dynamics but seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of several current control strategies. The design of a framework model to predict and accommodate the future incidence of schistosomiasis in human population dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa is proposed. The impact of climate change on schistosomiasis transmission as well as the distribution of several freshwater snails responsible for the transmission of <i>Schistosoma</i> parasites in the region is also reviewed. Lastly, this article advocates for modelling several control mechanisms for schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa so as to tackle the re-infection of the disease, even after treating infected people with praziquantel, the first-line treatment drug for schistosomiasis. |
topic |
<i>biomphalaria</i> spp. <i>bulinus</i> spp. cercariae climate change schistosomiasis sub-saharan africa |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/1/181 |
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