Microbial Biofilm Diversity and Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Drinking Water Distribution System of Peshawar, Pakistan
The occurrence of microbial communities harboring antibiotic resistance bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in the drinking water distribution system pose a significant threat to the aquatic ecosystem and to public health, especially in developing countries. In this study, we have used next-gen...
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doaj-14338243add84e9da6041a94a944a2d32021-07-15T15:48:22ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-06-01131788178810.3390/w13131788Microbial Biofilm Diversity and Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Drinking Water Distribution System of Peshawar, PakistanHabib Ullah0Muhammad Shahzad1Faizan Saleem2Taj Ali3Muhammad Kamran Azim4Haris Khan5Johar Ali6Jawad Ahmed7Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Hayat Abad Phase 5, Peshawar 25120, PakistanInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Hayat Abad Phase 5, Peshawar 25120, PakistanDepartment of Biosciences, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi 75400, PakistanInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Hayat Abad Phase 5, Peshawar 25120, PakistanDepartment of Biosciences, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi 75400, PakistanInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Hayat Abad Phase 5, Peshawar 25120, PakistanRehman Medical Institute, Hayat Abad Phase 5, Peshawar 25000, PakistanInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Hayat Abad Phase 5, Peshawar 25120, PakistanThe occurrence of microbial communities harboring antibiotic resistance bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in the drinking water distribution system pose a significant threat to the aquatic ecosystem and to public health, especially in developing countries. In this study, we have used next-generation sequencing technology to explore bacterial community diversity and the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in biofilms collected from the drinking water distribution system of Peshawar, the capital city of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The results showed that <i>Proteobacteria</i> were the most abundant phyla (89.79%) in all biofilm samples, followed by <i>Bacteroidetes</i> (3.48%) and <i>Actinobacteria</i> (2.79%). At genus level, <i>Pseudomonas</i> was the most common (22.45%) in all biofilm samples. Overall, bacterial diversity and richness was higher in biofilm samples collected from the consumer end than the source site. Bacterial diversity was also dependent on the piping material (GI vs. PVC) and water supply (direct vs. indirect). Functional annotation reveals a differential abundance of common metabolic pathways at source and consumer end. Resistome analysis revealed a prevalence of resistance genes against 12 classes of antibiotics in all samples with macrolides resistance being the commonest at the consumer end (42.1%) and fluoroquinolone resistance at the source end (24%). To our knowledge, this is the first study that provides new insight and evidence into the microbial community diversity and antibiotic resistance in the drinking water supply system of Peshawar. These findings may ultimately help the authorities to design and implement effective strategies for controlling biofilms and ensuring a continuous supply of safe drinking water to the community.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/13/1788shotgun metagenomic sequencingbacterial diversitycore speciesfunctional potentialresistome |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Habib Ullah Muhammad Shahzad Faizan Saleem Taj Ali Muhammad Kamran Azim Haris Khan Johar Ali Jawad Ahmed |
spellingShingle |
Habib Ullah Muhammad Shahzad Faizan Saleem Taj Ali Muhammad Kamran Azim Haris Khan Johar Ali Jawad Ahmed Microbial Biofilm Diversity and Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Drinking Water Distribution System of Peshawar, Pakistan Water shotgun metagenomic sequencing bacterial diversity core species functional potential resistome |
author_facet |
Habib Ullah Muhammad Shahzad Faizan Saleem Taj Ali Muhammad Kamran Azim Haris Khan Johar Ali Jawad Ahmed |
author_sort |
Habib Ullah |
title |
Microbial Biofilm Diversity and Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Drinking Water Distribution System of Peshawar, Pakistan |
title_short |
Microbial Biofilm Diversity and Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Drinking Water Distribution System of Peshawar, Pakistan |
title_full |
Microbial Biofilm Diversity and Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Drinking Water Distribution System of Peshawar, Pakistan |
title_fullStr |
Microbial Biofilm Diversity and Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Drinking Water Distribution System of Peshawar, Pakistan |
title_full_unstemmed |
Microbial Biofilm Diversity and Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Drinking Water Distribution System of Peshawar, Pakistan |
title_sort |
microbial biofilm diversity and prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in drinking water distribution system of peshawar, pakistan |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Water |
issn |
2073-4441 |
publishDate |
2021-06-01 |
description |
The occurrence of microbial communities harboring antibiotic resistance bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in the drinking water distribution system pose a significant threat to the aquatic ecosystem and to public health, especially in developing countries. In this study, we have used next-generation sequencing technology to explore bacterial community diversity and the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in biofilms collected from the drinking water distribution system of Peshawar, the capital city of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The results showed that <i>Proteobacteria</i> were the most abundant phyla (89.79%) in all biofilm samples, followed by <i>Bacteroidetes</i> (3.48%) and <i>Actinobacteria</i> (2.79%). At genus level, <i>Pseudomonas</i> was the most common (22.45%) in all biofilm samples. Overall, bacterial diversity and richness was higher in biofilm samples collected from the consumer end than the source site. Bacterial diversity was also dependent on the piping material (GI vs. PVC) and water supply (direct vs. indirect). Functional annotation reveals a differential abundance of common metabolic pathways at source and consumer end. Resistome analysis revealed a prevalence of resistance genes against 12 classes of antibiotics in all samples with macrolides resistance being the commonest at the consumer end (42.1%) and fluoroquinolone resistance at the source end (24%). To our knowledge, this is the first study that provides new insight and evidence into the microbial community diversity and antibiotic resistance in the drinking water supply system of Peshawar. These findings may ultimately help the authorities to design and implement effective strategies for controlling biofilms and ensuring a continuous supply of safe drinking water to the community. |
topic |
shotgun metagenomic sequencing bacterial diversity core species functional potential resistome |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/13/1788 |
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