Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands
Air pollution, noise, and green space are important environmental exposures, having been linked to a variety of specific health outcomes. However, there are few studies addressing overall early life development. To assess their effects, associations between developmental milestones for a large popul...
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-07-01
|
Series: | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/15/7782 |
id |
doaj-14e611c10f6c4e0abf898e234193d487 |
---|---|
record_format |
Article |
spelling |
doaj-14e611c10f6c4e0abf898e234193d4872021-08-06T15:22:39ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1661-78271660-46012021-07-01187782778210.3390/ijerph18157782Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The NetherlandsLuuk van Wel0Paula van Dommelen1Moniek Zuurbier2Debbie Heinen3Jennie Odink4Janine Bezem5Paul H. Verkerk6Anjoeka Pronk7Gerard Hoek8Eelco Kuijpers9Risk Analysis for Products in Development, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Child Health, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 3005, NL-2301 DA Leiden, The NetherlandsPublic Health Services Gelderland-Midden, P.O. Box 5364, NL-6802 EJ Arnhem, The NetherlandsPublic Health Services Gelderland-Midden, P.O. Box 5364, NL-6802 EJ Arnhem, The NetherlandsPublic Health Services Gelderland-Midden, P.O. Box 5364, NL-6802 EJ Arnhem, The NetherlandsDepartment of Child Health, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 3005, NL-2301 DA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Child Health, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 3005, NL-2301 DA Leiden, The NetherlandsRisk Analysis for Products in Development, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The NetherlandsInstitute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The NetherlandsRisk Analysis for Products in Development, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The NetherlandsAir pollution, noise, and green space are important environmental exposures, having been linked to a variety of specific health outcomes. However, there are few studies addressing overall early life development. To assess their effects, associations between developmental milestones for a large population of 0–4-year old children in The Netherlands and environmental exposures were explored. Developmental milestones and background characteristics were provided by Preventive Child Health Care (PCHC) and supplemented with data from Statistics Netherlands. Milestones were summarized and standardized into an aggregate score measuring global development. Four age groups were selected. Environmental exposures were assigned to geocoded addresses using publicly available maps for PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>coarse</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, EC, road traffic noise, and green space. Associations were investigated using single and multiple-exposure logistic regression models. 43,916 PCHC visits by 29,524 children were available. No consistent associations were found for air pollution and road traffic noise. Green space was positively associated in single and multiple-exposure models although it was not significant in all age groups (OR 1.01 (0.95; 1.08) (1 year) to 1.07 (1.01; 1.14) (2 years)). No consistent associations were found between air pollution, road traffic noise, and global child development. A positive association of green space was indicated.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/15/7782child healthearly life developmentenvironmental exposureair pollutiongreen spaceD-score |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Luuk van Wel Paula van Dommelen Moniek Zuurbier Debbie Heinen Jennie Odink Janine Bezem Paul H. Verkerk Anjoeka Pronk Gerard Hoek Eelco Kuijpers |
spellingShingle |
Luuk van Wel Paula van Dommelen Moniek Zuurbier Debbie Heinen Jennie Odink Janine Bezem Paul H. Verkerk Anjoeka Pronk Gerard Hoek Eelco Kuijpers Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health child health early life development environmental exposure air pollution green space D-score |
author_facet |
Luuk van Wel Paula van Dommelen Moniek Zuurbier Debbie Heinen Jennie Odink Janine Bezem Paul H. Verkerk Anjoeka Pronk Gerard Hoek Eelco Kuijpers |
author_sort |
Luuk van Wel |
title |
Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands |
title_short |
Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands |
title_full |
Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands |
title_fullStr |
Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands |
title_full_unstemmed |
Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands |
title_sort |
exploring the effects of environmental factors on the development of 0–4-year old children in the netherlands |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
issn |
1661-7827 1660-4601 |
publishDate |
2021-07-01 |
description |
Air pollution, noise, and green space are important environmental exposures, having been linked to a variety of specific health outcomes. However, there are few studies addressing overall early life development. To assess their effects, associations between developmental milestones for a large population of 0–4-year old children in The Netherlands and environmental exposures were explored. Developmental milestones and background characteristics were provided by Preventive Child Health Care (PCHC) and supplemented with data from Statistics Netherlands. Milestones were summarized and standardized into an aggregate score measuring global development. Four age groups were selected. Environmental exposures were assigned to geocoded addresses using publicly available maps for PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>coarse</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, EC, road traffic noise, and green space. Associations were investigated using single and multiple-exposure logistic regression models. 43,916 PCHC visits by 29,524 children were available. No consistent associations were found for air pollution and road traffic noise. Green space was positively associated in single and multiple-exposure models although it was not significant in all age groups (OR 1.01 (0.95; 1.08) (1 year) to 1.07 (1.01; 1.14) (2 years)). No consistent associations were found between air pollution, road traffic noise, and global child development. A positive association of green space was indicated. |
topic |
child health early life development environmental exposure air pollution green space D-score |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/15/7782 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT luukvanwel exploringtheeffectsofenvironmentalfactorsonthedevelopmentof04yearoldchildreninthenetherlands AT paulavandommelen exploringtheeffectsofenvironmentalfactorsonthedevelopmentof04yearoldchildreninthenetherlands AT moniekzuurbier exploringtheeffectsofenvironmentalfactorsonthedevelopmentof04yearoldchildreninthenetherlands AT debbieheinen exploringtheeffectsofenvironmentalfactorsonthedevelopmentof04yearoldchildreninthenetherlands AT jennieodink exploringtheeffectsofenvironmentalfactorsonthedevelopmentof04yearoldchildreninthenetherlands AT janinebezem exploringtheeffectsofenvironmentalfactorsonthedevelopmentof04yearoldchildreninthenetherlands AT paulhverkerk exploringtheeffectsofenvironmentalfactorsonthedevelopmentof04yearoldchildreninthenetherlands AT anjoekapronk exploringtheeffectsofenvironmentalfactorsonthedevelopmentof04yearoldchildreninthenetherlands AT gerardhoek exploringtheeffectsofenvironmentalfactorsonthedevelopmentof04yearoldchildreninthenetherlands AT eelcokuijpers exploringtheeffectsofenvironmentalfactorsonthedevelopmentof04yearoldchildreninthenetherlands |
_version_ |
1721218563396599808 |