Concentrations and Emissions of Ammonia from Different Laying Hen Production Systems of Conventional Cage, Aviary and Natural Mating Colony Cage in North China Plain

Concentrations and Emissions of Ammonia from Different Laying Hen Production Systems of Conventional Cage, Aviary and Natural Mating Colony Cage in North China Plain

Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) concentrations in summer were continuously monitored from three typical laying hen houses of CC (conventional cage), AV (aviary), and NM (natural mating colony cage) with manure belt systems in North China Plain to quantify their emission levels, to characterize...

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Main Authors: Yu Liu, Guoqiang Zhang, Li Rong, Zongyang Li, Shaojie Wang, Chaoyuan Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2020-09-01
Series:Applied Sciences
Subjects:
ammonia
concentration
emission rate
laying hen
diurnal variation
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/19/6820
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spelling doaj-14ee5092caf54dbba2f59be4dc637a5e2020-11-25T01:47:04ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172020-09-01106820682010.3390/app10196820Concentrations and Emissions of Ammonia from Different Laying Hen Production Systems of Conventional Cage, Aviary and Natural Mating Colony Cage in North China PlainYu Liu0Guoqiang Zhang1Li Rong2Zongyang Li3Shaojie Wang4Chaoyuan Wang5Department of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaDepartment of Engineering, Aarhus University, Inge Lehmanns Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Engineering, Aarhus University, Inge Lehmanns Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaDepartment of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaDepartment of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaAmmonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) concentrations in summer were continuously monitored from three typical laying hen houses of CC (conventional cage), AV (aviary), and NM (natural mating colony cage) with manure belt systems in North China Plain to quantify their emission levels, to characterize the diurnal variations, and to investigate the impact of environmental factors. Diurnal profiles were acquired by hourly measurements, and the effect of environmental factors on NH<sub>3</sub> emissions was presented by correlation analysis. The results showed that house-level NH<sub>3</sub> emissions in summer were the highest in the NM at 27.16 ± 13.12 mg/h·hen, followed by the AV at 4.08 ± 3.23 mg/h·hen and the CC at 3.43 ± 1.46 mg/h·hen within a complete manure removal cycle, which were significantly affected by manure accumulation inside the houses. After manure removal, NH<sub>3</sub> concentrations were reduced by 64.29%, 28.57%, and 35.71% in CC, AV, and NM, and consequently their emissions were lowered by 67.12%, 71.36%, and 55.69%, respectively. It was suggested that the manure should not be stored on the belt for more than 4 days in NM. A positive impact of indoor and outdoor temperature and ventilation rate on NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from AV and NM were found, while indoor and outdoor relative humidity had a negative effect. However, the above five factors did not significantly affect the emissions from CC.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/19/6820ammoniaconcentrationemission ratelaying hendiurnal variation
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Yu Liu
Guoqiang Zhang
Li Rong
Zongyang Li
Shaojie Wang
Chaoyuan Wang
spellingShingle Yu Liu
Guoqiang Zhang
Li Rong
Zongyang Li
Shaojie Wang
Chaoyuan Wang
Concentrations and Emissions of Ammonia from Different Laying Hen Production Systems of Conventional Cage, Aviary and Natural Mating Colony Cage in North China Plain
Applied Sciences
ammonia
concentration
emission rate
laying hen
diurnal variation
author_facet Yu Liu
Guoqiang Zhang
Li Rong
Zongyang Li
Shaojie Wang
Chaoyuan Wang
author_sort Yu Liu
title Concentrations and Emissions of Ammonia from Different Laying Hen Production Systems of Conventional Cage, Aviary and Natural Mating Colony Cage in North China Plain
title_short Concentrations and Emissions of Ammonia from Different Laying Hen Production Systems of Conventional Cage, Aviary and Natural Mating Colony Cage in North China Plain
title_full Concentrations and Emissions of Ammonia from Different Laying Hen Production Systems of Conventional Cage, Aviary and Natural Mating Colony Cage in North China Plain
title_fullStr Concentrations and Emissions of Ammonia from Different Laying Hen Production Systems of Conventional Cage, Aviary and Natural Mating Colony Cage in North China Plain
title_full_unstemmed Concentrations and Emissions of Ammonia from Different Laying Hen Production Systems of Conventional Cage, Aviary and Natural Mating Colony Cage in North China Plain
title_sort concentrations and emissions of ammonia from different laying hen production systems of conventional cage, aviary and natural mating colony cage in north china plain
publisher MDPI AG
series Applied Sciences
issn 2076-3417
publishDate 2020-09-01
description Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) concentrations in summer were continuously monitored from three typical laying hen houses of CC (conventional cage), AV (aviary), and NM (natural mating colony cage) with manure belt systems in North China Plain to quantify their emission levels, to characterize the diurnal variations, and to investigate the impact of environmental factors. Diurnal profiles were acquired by hourly measurements, and the effect of environmental factors on NH<sub>3</sub> emissions was presented by correlation analysis. The results showed that house-level NH<sub>3</sub> emissions in summer were the highest in the NM at 27.16 ± 13.12 mg/h·hen, followed by the AV at 4.08 ± 3.23 mg/h·hen and the CC at 3.43 ± 1.46 mg/h·hen within a complete manure removal cycle, which were significantly affected by manure accumulation inside the houses. After manure removal, NH<sub>3</sub> concentrations were reduced by 64.29%, 28.57%, and 35.71% in CC, AV, and NM, and consequently their emissions were lowered by 67.12%, 71.36%, and 55.69%, respectively. It was suggested that the manure should not be stored on the belt for more than 4 days in NM. A positive impact of indoor and outdoor temperature and ventilation rate on NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from AV and NM were found, while indoor and outdoor relative humidity had a negative effect. However, the above five factors did not significantly affect the emissions from CC.
topic ammonia
concentration
emission rate
laying hen
diurnal variation
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/19/6820
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