Signaling Pathways Associated with Macrophage-Activating Polysaccharide Isolated from Korea Red Ginseng
Background and Objectives: Korean red ginseng (KRG) is known as an immune-enhancing health food and has been approved by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. We analyzed the immune-enhancing activity of KRG and its polysaccharide (KRG-P) using RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. Materials and Metho...
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doaj-1638f3e2c3a34030898a2787367a80692021-08-06T15:19:47ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-07-01117111711110.3390/app11157111Signaling Pathways Associated with Macrophage-Activating Polysaccharide Isolated from Korea Red GinsengJie Gao0Sullim Lee1Ji-Hwan Lee2Ki-Sung Kang3Myoung-Sook Shin4College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, KoreaDepartment of Life Science, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, KoreaCollege of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, KoreaCollege of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, KoreaCollege of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, KoreaBackground and Objectives: Korean red ginseng (KRG) is known as an immune-enhancing health food and has been approved by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. We analyzed the immune-enhancing activity of KRG and its polysaccharide (KRG-P) using RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. Materials and Methods: The protein and mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were measured using ELISA and qRT-PCR, respectively. Nitric oxide levels were measured using the Griess reagent. The phosphorylation and total protein levels of ERK, p38, JNK, p65, and GAPDH were determined by immunoblot assay. Results: The polysaccharide (KRG-P), but not KRG, produced nitric oxide, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in RAW264.7 cells. KRG-P increased nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), IL-6, and TNF-α expression in RAW264.7 cells. KRG-P also increased phosphorylation of MAPKs (mitogen-activate protein kinases) including ERK, p38, JNK, and NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) in a concentration-dependent manner in RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: The polysaccharide KRG-P is the active component responsible for the immune-enhancing activity of Korean red ginseng and may modulate the systemic immune system in vivo.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/15/7111Korean red ginsengpolysaccharidemacrophagesinnate immune responses |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Jie Gao Sullim Lee Ji-Hwan Lee Ki-Sung Kang Myoung-Sook Shin |
spellingShingle |
Jie Gao Sullim Lee Ji-Hwan Lee Ki-Sung Kang Myoung-Sook Shin Signaling Pathways Associated with Macrophage-Activating Polysaccharide Isolated from Korea Red Ginseng Applied Sciences Korean red ginseng polysaccharide macrophages innate immune responses |
author_facet |
Jie Gao Sullim Lee Ji-Hwan Lee Ki-Sung Kang Myoung-Sook Shin |
author_sort |
Jie Gao |
title |
Signaling Pathways Associated with Macrophage-Activating Polysaccharide Isolated from Korea Red Ginseng |
title_short |
Signaling Pathways Associated with Macrophage-Activating Polysaccharide Isolated from Korea Red Ginseng |
title_full |
Signaling Pathways Associated with Macrophage-Activating Polysaccharide Isolated from Korea Red Ginseng |
title_fullStr |
Signaling Pathways Associated with Macrophage-Activating Polysaccharide Isolated from Korea Red Ginseng |
title_full_unstemmed |
Signaling Pathways Associated with Macrophage-Activating Polysaccharide Isolated from Korea Red Ginseng |
title_sort |
signaling pathways associated with macrophage-activating polysaccharide isolated from korea red ginseng |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Applied Sciences |
issn |
2076-3417 |
publishDate |
2021-07-01 |
description |
Background and Objectives: Korean red ginseng (KRG) is known as an immune-enhancing health food and has been approved by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. We analyzed the immune-enhancing activity of KRG and its polysaccharide (KRG-P) using RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. Materials and Methods: The protein and mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were measured using ELISA and qRT-PCR, respectively. Nitric oxide levels were measured using the Griess reagent. The phosphorylation and total protein levels of ERK, p38, JNK, p65, and GAPDH were determined by immunoblot assay. Results: The polysaccharide (KRG-P), but not KRG, produced nitric oxide, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in RAW264.7 cells. KRG-P increased nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), IL-6, and TNF-α expression in RAW264.7 cells. KRG-P also increased phosphorylation of MAPKs (mitogen-activate protein kinases) including ERK, p38, JNK, and NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) in a concentration-dependent manner in RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: The polysaccharide KRG-P is the active component responsible for the immune-enhancing activity of Korean red ginseng and may modulate the systemic immune system in vivo. |
topic |
Korean red ginseng polysaccharide macrophages innate immune responses |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/15/7111 |
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