Status of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) of The Gambia
Abstract Background Vector control activities, namely long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), have contributed significantly to the decreasing malaria burden observed in The Gambia since 2008. Nevertheless, insecticide resistance may threaten such success; it is imp...
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doaj-169d61533d3247579dc2d4d7d1fac5772020-11-25T02:48:50ZengBMCParasites & Vectors1756-33052019-06-011211810.1186/s13071-019-3538-0Status of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) of The GambiaKevin Ochieng’ Opondo0Musa Jawara1Saihou Cham2Ebrima Jatta3Lamin Jarju4Muhammed Camara5Fatou Sanneh6Pa Modou Gaye7Lamin Jadama8Sainey Ceesay9Ebrima Njie10Benoit Sessinou Assogba11Balla Kandeh12Umberto D’Alessandro13Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineMedical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineMedical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineMinistry of Health, The Gambia National Malaria Control ProgrammeMinistry of Health, The Gambia National Malaria Control ProgrammeMedical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineMedical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineMedical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineMedical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineMedical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineSchool of Arts and Sciences, University of GambiaMedical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineMinistry of Health, The Gambia National Malaria Control ProgrammeMedical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineAbstract Background Vector control activities, namely long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), have contributed significantly to the decreasing malaria burden observed in The Gambia since 2008. Nevertheless, insecticide resistance may threaten such success; it is important to regularly assess the susceptibility of local malaria vectors to available insecticides. Methods In the transmission seasons of 2016 and 2017, Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) larvae were sampled in or around the nine vector surveillance sentinel sites of the Gambia National Malaria Control Programme (GNMCP) and in a few additional sampling points. Using WHO susceptibility bioassays, female adult mosquitoes were exposed to insecticide-impregnated papers. Molecular identification of sibling species and insecticide resistance molecular markers was done on a subset of 2000 female mosquitoes. Results A total of 4666 wild-caught female adult mosquitoes were exposed to either permethrin (n = 665), deltamethrin (n = 744), DDT (n = 1021), bendiocarb (n = 990) or pirimiphos-methyl (n = 630) insecticide-impregnated papers and control papers (n = 616). Among the 2000 anophelines, 1511 (80.7%) were Anopheles arabiensis, 204 (10.9%) Anopheles coluzzii, 75 (4%) Anopheles gambiae (s.s.), and 83 (4.4%) An. gambiae (s.s.) and An. coluzzii hybrids. There was a significant variation in the composition and species distribution by regions and year, P = 0.009. Deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT resistance was found in An. arabiensis, especially in the coastal region, and was mediated by Vgsc-1014F/S mutations (odds ratio = 34, P = 0.014). There was suspected resistance to pirimiphos-methyl (actellic 300CS) in the North Bank Region although only one survivor had the Ace-1-119S mutation. Conclusions As no confirmed resistance to bendiocarb and actellic 300CS was detected, the national malaria control programme can continue using these insecticides for IRS. Nevertheless, the detection of Ace-1 119S mutation warrants extensive monitoring. The source of insecticide pressure driving insecticide resistance to pyrethroids and DDT detected at the coastal region should be further investigated in order to properly manage the spread of resistance in The Gambia.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-019-3538-0Anopheles gambiaeInsecticide resistanceInsecticide resistance managementkdrAce-1Malaria |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Kevin Ochieng’ Opondo Musa Jawara Saihou Cham Ebrima Jatta Lamin Jarju Muhammed Camara Fatou Sanneh Pa Modou Gaye Lamin Jadama Sainey Ceesay Ebrima Njie Benoit Sessinou Assogba Balla Kandeh Umberto D’Alessandro |
spellingShingle |
Kevin Ochieng’ Opondo Musa Jawara Saihou Cham Ebrima Jatta Lamin Jarju Muhammed Camara Fatou Sanneh Pa Modou Gaye Lamin Jadama Sainey Ceesay Ebrima Njie Benoit Sessinou Assogba Balla Kandeh Umberto D’Alessandro Status of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) of The Gambia Parasites & Vectors Anopheles gambiae Insecticide resistance Insecticide resistance management kdr Ace-1 Malaria |
author_facet |
Kevin Ochieng’ Opondo Musa Jawara Saihou Cham Ebrima Jatta Lamin Jarju Muhammed Camara Fatou Sanneh Pa Modou Gaye Lamin Jadama Sainey Ceesay Ebrima Njie Benoit Sessinou Assogba Balla Kandeh Umberto D’Alessandro |
author_sort |
Kevin Ochieng’ Opondo |
title |
Status of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) of The Gambia |
title_short |
Status of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) of The Gambia |
title_full |
Status of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) of The Gambia |
title_fullStr |
Status of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) of The Gambia |
title_full_unstemmed |
Status of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) of The Gambia |
title_sort |
status of insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae (s.l.) of the gambia |
publisher |
BMC |
series |
Parasites & Vectors |
issn |
1756-3305 |
publishDate |
2019-06-01 |
description |
Abstract Background Vector control activities, namely long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), have contributed significantly to the decreasing malaria burden observed in The Gambia since 2008. Nevertheless, insecticide resistance may threaten such success; it is important to regularly assess the susceptibility of local malaria vectors to available insecticides. Methods In the transmission seasons of 2016 and 2017, Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) larvae were sampled in or around the nine vector surveillance sentinel sites of the Gambia National Malaria Control Programme (GNMCP) and in a few additional sampling points. Using WHO susceptibility bioassays, female adult mosquitoes were exposed to insecticide-impregnated papers. Molecular identification of sibling species and insecticide resistance molecular markers was done on a subset of 2000 female mosquitoes. Results A total of 4666 wild-caught female adult mosquitoes were exposed to either permethrin (n = 665), deltamethrin (n = 744), DDT (n = 1021), bendiocarb (n = 990) or pirimiphos-methyl (n = 630) insecticide-impregnated papers and control papers (n = 616). Among the 2000 anophelines, 1511 (80.7%) were Anopheles arabiensis, 204 (10.9%) Anopheles coluzzii, 75 (4%) Anopheles gambiae (s.s.), and 83 (4.4%) An. gambiae (s.s.) and An. coluzzii hybrids. There was a significant variation in the composition and species distribution by regions and year, P = 0.009. Deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT resistance was found in An. arabiensis, especially in the coastal region, and was mediated by Vgsc-1014F/S mutations (odds ratio = 34, P = 0.014). There was suspected resistance to pirimiphos-methyl (actellic 300CS) in the North Bank Region although only one survivor had the Ace-1-119S mutation. Conclusions As no confirmed resistance to bendiocarb and actellic 300CS was detected, the national malaria control programme can continue using these insecticides for IRS. Nevertheless, the detection of Ace-1 119S mutation warrants extensive monitoring. The source of insecticide pressure driving insecticide resistance to pyrethroids and DDT detected at the coastal region should be further investigated in order to properly manage the spread of resistance in The Gambia. |
topic |
Anopheles gambiae Insecticide resistance Insecticide resistance management kdr Ace-1 Malaria |
url |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-019-3538-0 |
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