Antituberculosis Targeted Drug Delivery as a Potential Future Treatment Approach
<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb) is the microorganism that causes tuberculosis. This infectious disease has been around for centuries, with the earliest record of Mtb around three million years ago. The discovery of the antituberculosis agents in the 20th century has managed to im...
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doaj-178efda9533447d197bd2938900211b22021-08-26T13:27:52ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822021-07-011090890810.3390/antibiotics10080908Antituberculosis Targeted Drug Delivery as a Potential Future Treatment ApproachMohd Khairul Nizam Mazlan0Mohammad Hafizie Dianel Mohd Tazizi1Rosliza Ahmad2Muhammad Amirul Asyraf Noh3Athirah Bakhtiar4Habibah A. Wahab5Amirah Mohd Gazzali6CHEST, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sains@USM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, MalaysiaSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, MalaysiaCHEST, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sains@USM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, MalaysiaSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, MalaysiaSchool of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, MalaysiaSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, MalaysiaSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb) is the microorganism that causes tuberculosis. This infectious disease has been around for centuries, with the earliest record of Mtb around three million years ago. The discovery of the antituberculosis agents in the 20th century has managed to improve the recovery rate and reduce the death rate tremendously. However, the conventional antituberculosis therapy is complicated by the development of resistant strains and adverse drug reactions experienced by the patients. Research has been conducted continuously to discover new, safe, and effective antituberculosis drugs. In the last 50 years, only two molecules were approved despite laborious work and costly research. The repurposing of drugs is also being done with few drugs; antibiotics, particularly, were found to have antituberculosis activity. Besides the discovery work, enhancing the delivery of currently available antituberculosis drugs is also being researched. Targeted drug delivery may be a potentially useful approach to be developed into clinically accepted treatment modalities. Active targeting utilizes a specifically designed targeting agent to deliver a chemically conjugated drug(s) towards Mtb. Passive targeting is very widely explored, with the development of multiple types of nanoparticles from organic and inorganic materials. The nanoparticles will be engulfed by macrophages and this will eliminate the Mtb that is present in the macrophages, or the encapsulated drug may be released at the sites of infections that may be in the form of intra- and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. This article provided an overview on the history of tuberculosis and the currently available treatment options, followed by discussions on the discovery of new antituberculosis drugs and active and passive targeting approaches against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/10/8/908tuberculosisactive targetingpassive targetingGAPDHnanoparticles |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Mohd Khairul Nizam Mazlan Mohammad Hafizie Dianel Mohd Tazizi Rosliza Ahmad Muhammad Amirul Asyraf Noh Athirah Bakhtiar Habibah A. Wahab Amirah Mohd Gazzali |
spellingShingle |
Mohd Khairul Nizam Mazlan Mohammad Hafizie Dianel Mohd Tazizi Rosliza Ahmad Muhammad Amirul Asyraf Noh Athirah Bakhtiar Habibah A. Wahab Amirah Mohd Gazzali Antituberculosis Targeted Drug Delivery as a Potential Future Treatment Approach Antibiotics tuberculosis active targeting passive targeting GAPDH nanoparticles |
author_facet |
Mohd Khairul Nizam Mazlan Mohammad Hafizie Dianel Mohd Tazizi Rosliza Ahmad Muhammad Amirul Asyraf Noh Athirah Bakhtiar Habibah A. Wahab Amirah Mohd Gazzali |
author_sort |
Mohd Khairul Nizam Mazlan |
title |
Antituberculosis Targeted Drug Delivery as a Potential Future Treatment Approach |
title_short |
Antituberculosis Targeted Drug Delivery as a Potential Future Treatment Approach |
title_full |
Antituberculosis Targeted Drug Delivery as a Potential Future Treatment Approach |
title_fullStr |
Antituberculosis Targeted Drug Delivery as a Potential Future Treatment Approach |
title_full_unstemmed |
Antituberculosis Targeted Drug Delivery as a Potential Future Treatment Approach |
title_sort |
antituberculosis targeted drug delivery as a potential future treatment approach |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Antibiotics |
issn |
2079-6382 |
publishDate |
2021-07-01 |
description |
<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb) is the microorganism that causes tuberculosis. This infectious disease has been around for centuries, with the earliest record of Mtb around three million years ago. The discovery of the antituberculosis agents in the 20th century has managed to improve the recovery rate and reduce the death rate tremendously. However, the conventional antituberculosis therapy is complicated by the development of resistant strains and adverse drug reactions experienced by the patients. Research has been conducted continuously to discover new, safe, and effective antituberculosis drugs. In the last 50 years, only two molecules were approved despite laborious work and costly research. The repurposing of drugs is also being done with few drugs; antibiotics, particularly, were found to have antituberculosis activity. Besides the discovery work, enhancing the delivery of currently available antituberculosis drugs is also being researched. Targeted drug delivery may be a potentially useful approach to be developed into clinically accepted treatment modalities. Active targeting utilizes a specifically designed targeting agent to deliver a chemically conjugated drug(s) towards Mtb. Passive targeting is very widely explored, with the development of multiple types of nanoparticles from organic and inorganic materials. The nanoparticles will be engulfed by macrophages and this will eliminate the Mtb that is present in the macrophages, or the encapsulated drug may be released at the sites of infections that may be in the form of intra- and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. This article provided an overview on the history of tuberculosis and the currently available treatment options, followed by discussions on the discovery of new antituberculosis drugs and active and passive targeting approaches against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. |
topic |
tuberculosis active targeting passive targeting GAPDH nanoparticles |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/10/8/908 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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