Deficits in Response Inhibition in Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Impaired Self-Protection System Hypothesis
Problems in inhibitory control are regarded in Psychology as a key problem associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They, however, might not be primary deficits, but instead a consequence of inattention. At least two components have been identified and dissociated in studies...
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doaj-186d28decdb64f87bacc5b7a4a9ce4df2020-11-24T20:41:45ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychiatry1664-06402018-01-01810.3389/fpsyt.2017.00299295365Deficits in Response Inhibition in Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Impaired Self-Protection System HypothesisThales Vianna Coutinho0Thales Vianna Coutinho1Samara Passos Santos Reis2Antonio Geraldo da Silva3Debora Marques Miranda4Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz5Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz6Laboratório de Investigações em Neurociência CLínica, Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, BraziliLumina Neurociências, Belo Horizonte, BrazilQuantitative Methods and Predictive Psychometrics Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BrazilBrazilian Association of Psychiatry, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilDepartment of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, BrazilLaboratório de Investigações em Neurociência CLínica, Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, BraziliLumina Neurociências, Belo Horizonte, BrazilProblems in inhibitory control are regarded in Psychology as a key problem associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They, however, might not be primary deficits, but instead a consequence of inattention. At least two components have been identified and dissociated in studies in regards to inhibitory control: interference suppression, responsible for controlling interference by resisting irrelevant or misleading information, and response inhibition, referring to withholding a response or overriding an ongoing behavior. Poor error awareness and self-monitoring undermine an individual’s ability to inhibit inadequate responses and change course of action. In non-social contexts, an individual depends on his own cognition to regulate his mistakes. In social contexts, however, there are many social cues that should help that individual to perceive his mistakes and inhibit inadequate responses. The processes involved in perceiving and interpreting those social cues are arguably part of a self-protection system (SPS). Individuals with ADHD not only present impulsive behaviors in social contexts, but also have difficulty perceiving their inadequate responses and overriding ongoing actions toward more appropriate ones. In this paper, we discuss that those difficulties are arguably a consequence of an impaired SPS, due to visual attention deficits and subsequent failure in perceiving and recognizing accurately negative emotions in facial expressions, especially anger. We discuss evidence that children with ADHD exhibit problems in a series of components involved in the activation of that system and advocate that the inability to identify the anger expressed by others, and thus, not experiencing the fear response that should follow, is, ultimately, what prevents them from inhibiting the ongoing inappropriate behavior, since a potential threat is not registered. Getting involved in high-risk situations, such as reckless driving, could also be a consequence of not registering a threat and thus, not experiencing fear.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00299/fullattention-deficit disorder/hyperactivity disorderanger recognitiontheory of mindvisual attentionfacial mimicryalexithymia |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Thales Vianna Coutinho Thales Vianna Coutinho Samara Passos Santos Reis Antonio Geraldo da Silva Debora Marques Miranda Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz |
spellingShingle |
Thales Vianna Coutinho Thales Vianna Coutinho Samara Passos Santos Reis Antonio Geraldo da Silva Debora Marques Miranda Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz Deficits in Response Inhibition in Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Impaired Self-Protection System Hypothesis Frontiers in Psychiatry attention-deficit disorder/hyperactivity disorder anger recognition theory of mind visual attention facial mimicry alexithymia |
author_facet |
Thales Vianna Coutinho Thales Vianna Coutinho Samara Passos Santos Reis Antonio Geraldo da Silva Debora Marques Miranda Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz |
author_sort |
Thales Vianna Coutinho |
title |
Deficits in Response Inhibition in Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Impaired Self-Protection System Hypothesis |
title_short |
Deficits in Response Inhibition in Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Impaired Self-Protection System Hypothesis |
title_full |
Deficits in Response Inhibition in Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Impaired Self-Protection System Hypothesis |
title_fullStr |
Deficits in Response Inhibition in Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Impaired Self-Protection System Hypothesis |
title_full_unstemmed |
Deficits in Response Inhibition in Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Impaired Self-Protection System Hypothesis |
title_sort |
deficits in response inhibition in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the impaired self-protection system hypothesis |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Psychiatry |
issn |
1664-0640 |
publishDate |
2018-01-01 |
description |
Problems in inhibitory control are regarded in Psychology as a key problem associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They, however, might not be primary deficits, but instead a consequence of inattention. At least two components have been identified and dissociated in studies in regards to inhibitory control: interference suppression, responsible for controlling interference by resisting irrelevant or misleading information, and response inhibition, referring to withholding a response or overriding an ongoing behavior. Poor error awareness and self-monitoring undermine an individual’s ability to inhibit inadequate responses and change course of action. In non-social contexts, an individual depends on his own cognition to regulate his mistakes. In social contexts, however, there are many social cues that should help that individual to perceive his mistakes and inhibit inadequate responses. The processes involved in perceiving and interpreting those social cues are arguably part of a self-protection system (SPS). Individuals with ADHD not only present impulsive behaviors in social contexts, but also have difficulty perceiving their inadequate responses and overriding ongoing actions toward more appropriate ones. In this paper, we discuss that those difficulties are arguably a consequence of an impaired SPS, due to visual attention deficits and subsequent failure in perceiving and recognizing accurately negative emotions in facial expressions, especially anger. We discuss evidence that children with ADHD exhibit problems in a series of components involved in the activation of that system and advocate that the inability to identify the anger expressed by others, and thus, not experiencing the fear response that should follow, is, ultimately, what prevents them from inhibiting the ongoing inappropriate behavior, since a potential threat is not registered. Getting involved in high-risk situations, such as reckless driving, could also be a consequence of not registering a threat and thus, not experiencing fear. |
topic |
attention-deficit disorder/hyperactivity disorder anger recognition theory of mind visual attention facial mimicry alexithymia |
url |
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00299/full |
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