Structural Diversity and Biological Activities of the Cyclodipeptides from Fungi

• Main Authors: Xiaohan Wang, Yuying Li, Xuping Zhang, Daowan Lai, Ligang Zhou
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2017-11-01
• Series: Molecules
• Subjects: cyclic dipeptides; 2,5-diketopiperazines; epipolythiodioxopiperazines; fungi; biological activities; occurrence; applications
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/12/2026

Cyclodipeptides, called 2,5-diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs), are obtained by the condensation of two amino acids. Fungi have been considered to be a rich source of novel and bioactive cyclodipeptides. This review highlights the occurrence, structures and biological activities of the fungal cyclodipeptides with the literature covered up to July 2017. A total of 635 fungal cyclodipeptides belonging to the groups of tryptophan-proline, tryptophan-tryptophan, tryptophan–Xaa, proline–Xaa, non-tryptophan–non-proline, and thio-analogs have been discussed and reviewed. They were mainly isolated from the genera of Aspergillus and Penicillium. More and more cyclodipeptides have been isolated from marine-derived and plant endophytic fungi. Some of them were screened to have cytotoxic, phytotoxic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, vasodilator, radical scavenging, antioxidant, brine shrimp lethal, antiviral, nematicidal, antituberculosis, and enzyme-inhibitory activities to show their potential applications in agriculture, medicinal, and food industry.