Contribution of Dietary Supplements to Nutritional Adequacy by Socioeconomic Subgroups in Adults of the United States
Many Americans have inadequate intakes of several nutrients, and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020 identified vitamins A, C, D, and E, in addition to calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium, choline, and fiber as “underconsumed nutrients”. Based on nationally representative data on 10,698 a...
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doaj-199ddbf172284788980aab62ddb542cf2020-11-25T00:09:00ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432017-12-01101410.3390/nu10010004nu10010004Contribution of Dietary Supplements to Nutritional Adequacy by Socioeconomic Subgroups in Adults of the United StatesJeffrey B. Blumberg0Balz Frei1Victor L. Fulgoni2Connie M. Weaver3Steven H. Zeisel4Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02155, USALinus Pauling Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USANutrition Impact, LLC, Battle Creek, MI 49014, USADepartment of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USANutrition Research Institute, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USAMany Americans have inadequate intakes of several nutrients, and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020 identified vitamins A, C, D, and E, in addition to calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium, choline, and fiber as “underconsumed nutrients”. Based on nationally representative data on 10,698 adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 2009–2012, assessments were made of socioeconomic differences, based on the Poverty Income Ratio (PIR), in terms of the association of dietary supplement use on nutrient intake and nutrient inadequacies. Compared to food alone, the use of any dietary supplement plus food was associated with significantly (p < 0.01) higher intakes of 15–16 of 19 nutrients examined in all socioeconomic groups; and significantly reduced rates of inadequacy for 10/17 nutrients in the subgroup PIR > 1.85 (not poor), but only 4–5/17 nutrients (calcium and vitamins A, C, D, E) for the poor and nearly poor subgroups (PIR < 1.35 and PIR 1.35 to ≤1.85, respectively). An increased prevalence of intakes above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) was seen for 3–9/13 nutrients, but all were less than 5% in the PIR subgroups. In conclusion, dietary supplement use was associated with an increased micronutrient intake, decreased inadequacies, and a slight increase in the prevalence of intakes above the UL, with greater benefits seen in the PIR > 1.85 subgroup.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/1/4vitamin/mineral supplementNHANESmicronutrientsPoverty Income Ratio (PIR) |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Jeffrey B. Blumberg Balz Frei Victor L. Fulgoni Connie M. Weaver Steven H. Zeisel |
spellingShingle |
Jeffrey B. Blumberg Balz Frei Victor L. Fulgoni Connie M. Weaver Steven H. Zeisel Contribution of Dietary Supplements to Nutritional Adequacy by Socioeconomic Subgroups in Adults of the United States Nutrients vitamin/mineral supplement NHANES micronutrients Poverty Income Ratio (PIR) |
author_facet |
Jeffrey B. Blumberg Balz Frei Victor L. Fulgoni Connie M. Weaver Steven H. Zeisel |
author_sort |
Jeffrey B. Blumberg |
title |
Contribution of Dietary Supplements to Nutritional Adequacy by Socioeconomic Subgroups in Adults of the United States |
title_short |
Contribution of Dietary Supplements to Nutritional Adequacy by Socioeconomic Subgroups in Adults of the United States |
title_full |
Contribution of Dietary Supplements to Nutritional Adequacy by Socioeconomic Subgroups in Adults of the United States |
title_fullStr |
Contribution of Dietary Supplements to Nutritional Adequacy by Socioeconomic Subgroups in Adults of the United States |
title_full_unstemmed |
Contribution of Dietary Supplements to Nutritional Adequacy by Socioeconomic Subgroups in Adults of the United States |
title_sort |
contribution of dietary supplements to nutritional adequacy by socioeconomic subgroups in adults of the united states |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Nutrients |
issn |
2072-6643 |
publishDate |
2017-12-01 |
description |
Many Americans have inadequate intakes of several nutrients, and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020 identified vitamins A, C, D, and E, in addition to calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium, choline, and fiber as “underconsumed nutrients”. Based on nationally representative data on 10,698 adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 2009–2012, assessments were made of socioeconomic differences, based on the Poverty Income Ratio (PIR), in terms of the association of dietary supplement use on nutrient intake and nutrient inadequacies. Compared to food alone, the use of any dietary supplement plus food was associated with significantly (p < 0.01) higher intakes of 15–16 of 19 nutrients examined in all socioeconomic groups; and significantly reduced rates of inadequacy for 10/17 nutrients in the subgroup PIR > 1.85 (not poor), but only 4–5/17 nutrients (calcium and vitamins A, C, D, E) for the poor and nearly poor subgroups (PIR < 1.35 and PIR 1.35 to ≤1.85, respectively). An increased prevalence of intakes above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) was seen for 3–9/13 nutrients, but all were less than 5% in the PIR subgroups. In conclusion, dietary supplement use was associated with an increased micronutrient intake, decreased inadequacies, and a slight increase in the prevalence of intakes above the UL, with greater benefits seen in the PIR > 1.85 subgroup. |
topic |
vitamin/mineral supplement NHANES micronutrients Poverty Income Ratio (PIR) |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/1/4 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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