| Summary: | Although the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process has attracted attention regarding its application in ammonia wastewater treatment based on its efficiency, the physiological characteristics of anammox bacteria remain unclear because of the lack of pure-culture representatives. The coexistence of heterotrophic bacteria has often been observed in anammox reactors, even in those fed with synthetic inorganic nutrient medium. In this study, we recovered 37 draft genome bins from a long-term-operated anammox column reactor and predicted the metabolic pathway of coexisting bacteria, especially <i>Patescibacteria</i> (also known as Candidate phyla radiation). Genes related to the nitrogen cycle were not detected in Patescibacterial bins, whereas nitrite, nitrate, and nitrous oxide-related genes were identified in most of the other bacteria. The pathway predicted for <i>Patescibacteria</i> suggests the lack of nitrogen marker genes and its ability to utilize poly-<i>N</i>-acetylglucosamine produced by dominant anammox bacteria. Coexisting <i>Patescibacteria</i> may play an ecological role in providing lactate and formate to other coexisting bacteria, supporting growth in the anammox reactor. <i>Patescibacteria</i>-centric coexisting bacteria, which produce anammox substrates and scavenge organic compounds produced within the anammox reactor, might be essential for the anammox ecosystem.
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