Characterization of Fetal Thyroid Levels at Delivery among Appalachian Infants
Thyroid disorders are a frequently encountered issue during pregnancy and a cause of maternal and fetal morbidity. In regions like Appalachia that are particularly susceptible to health disparities, descriptive studies are needed to assist in identifying pathologic derangements. We sought to charact...
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doaj-1a89b41734b44820b3290279b0ea6b712020-11-25T03:47:58ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832020-09-0193056305610.3390/jcm9093056Characterization of Fetal Thyroid Levels at Delivery among Appalachian InfantsMadison N. Crank0Jesse N. Cottrell1Brenda L. Mitchell2Monica A. Valentovic3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755-9310, USADepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755-9310, USADepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755-9310, USADepartment of Biomedical Sciences Pharmacology/Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755-9310, USAThyroid disorders are a frequently encountered issue during pregnancy and a cause of maternal and fetal morbidity. In regions like Appalachia that are particularly susceptible to health disparities, descriptive studies are needed to assist in identifying pathologic derangements. We sought to characterize fetal thyroid hormone levels at delivery and investigate whether or not maternal demographic characteristics affect the prevalence of neonatal thyroid disease. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 130 pregnant women recruited from the Tri-State region, incorporating areas of Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia. Total triiodothyronine (T3) (<i>p</i> = 0.4799), free T3 (<i>p</i> = 0.6323), T3 uptake (<i>p</i> = 0.0926), total thyroxine (T4) (<i>p</i> = 0.8316), free T4 (<i>p</i> = 0.0566), and Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (<i>p</i> = 0.8745) levels were comparable between urban and rural newborns. We found no effect of hypertension status or nicotine levels on fetal umbilical cord thyroid hormone levels. Maternal diabetic status was associated with lower T4 (<i>p</i> = 0.0099) and free T4 (<i>p</i> = 0.0025) levels. Cotinine affected levels of T4 (<i>p</i> = 0.0339). In regard to maternal Body Mass Index (BMI), there was an increase in total T3 as BMI increased (<i>p</i> = 0.0367) and no significant difference in free T3, T3 uptake, T4, free T4, or TSH. There was a negative correlation between TSH and 1 min Apgar scores (<i>p</i> = 0.0058). Lead and cadmium have been implicated to alter TSH levels, but no correlation was found in our study (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.0277). There were no differences in cord blood between urban (37.3 ± 10.3 fmol/ug DNA) and rural (70.5 ± 26.8 fmol/ug DNA) benzo(a)pyrene DNA adducts (<i>p</i> = 0.174). Thyroid disorders present a unique opportunity for the prevention of perinatal morbidity and mortality, since maternal treatment, as well as maternal demographic characteristics, can have direct fetal effects.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/9/3056thyroid function testsAppalachiafetuspregnancy |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Madison N. Crank Jesse N. Cottrell Brenda L. Mitchell Monica A. Valentovic |
spellingShingle |
Madison N. Crank Jesse N. Cottrell Brenda L. Mitchell Monica A. Valentovic Characterization of Fetal Thyroid Levels at Delivery among Appalachian Infants Journal of Clinical Medicine thyroid function tests Appalachia fetus pregnancy |
author_facet |
Madison N. Crank Jesse N. Cottrell Brenda L. Mitchell Monica A. Valentovic |
author_sort |
Madison N. Crank |
title |
Characterization of Fetal Thyroid Levels at Delivery among Appalachian Infants |
title_short |
Characterization of Fetal Thyroid Levels at Delivery among Appalachian Infants |
title_full |
Characterization of Fetal Thyroid Levels at Delivery among Appalachian Infants |
title_fullStr |
Characterization of Fetal Thyroid Levels at Delivery among Appalachian Infants |
title_full_unstemmed |
Characterization of Fetal Thyroid Levels at Delivery among Appalachian Infants |
title_sort |
characterization of fetal thyroid levels at delivery among appalachian infants |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Journal of Clinical Medicine |
issn |
2077-0383 |
publishDate |
2020-09-01 |
description |
Thyroid disorders are a frequently encountered issue during pregnancy and a cause of maternal and fetal morbidity. In regions like Appalachia that are particularly susceptible to health disparities, descriptive studies are needed to assist in identifying pathologic derangements. We sought to characterize fetal thyroid hormone levels at delivery and investigate whether or not maternal demographic characteristics affect the prevalence of neonatal thyroid disease. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 130 pregnant women recruited from the Tri-State region, incorporating areas of Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia. Total triiodothyronine (T3) (<i>p</i> = 0.4799), free T3 (<i>p</i> = 0.6323), T3 uptake (<i>p</i> = 0.0926), total thyroxine (T4) (<i>p</i> = 0.8316), free T4 (<i>p</i> = 0.0566), and Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (<i>p</i> = 0.8745) levels were comparable between urban and rural newborns. We found no effect of hypertension status or nicotine levels on fetal umbilical cord thyroid hormone levels. Maternal diabetic status was associated with lower T4 (<i>p</i> = 0.0099) and free T4 (<i>p</i> = 0.0025) levels. Cotinine affected levels of T4 (<i>p</i> = 0.0339). In regard to maternal Body Mass Index (BMI), there was an increase in total T3 as BMI increased (<i>p</i> = 0.0367) and no significant difference in free T3, T3 uptake, T4, free T4, or TSH. There was a negative correlation between TSH and 1 min Apgar scores (<i>p</i> = 0.0058). Lead and cadmium have been implicated to alter TSH levels, but no correlation was found in our study (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.0277). There were no differences in cord blood between urban (37.3 ± 10.3 fmol/ug DNA) and rural (70.5 ± 26.8 fmol/ug DNA) benzo(a)pyrene DNA adducts (<i>p</i> = 0.174). Thyroid disorders present a unique opportunity for the prevention of perinatal morbidity and mortality, since maternal treatment, as well as maternal demographic characteristics, can have direct fetal effects. |
topic |
thyroid function tests Appalachia fetus pregnancy |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/9/3056 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT madisonncrank characterizationoffetalthyroidlevelsatdeliveryamongappalachianinfants AT jessencottrell characterizationoffetalthyroidlevelsatdeliveryamongappalachianinfants AT brendalmitchell characterizationoffetalthyroidlevelsatdeliveryamongappalachianinfants AT monicaavalentovic characterizationoffetalthyroidlevelsatdeliveryamongappalachianinfants |
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