Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Dental Fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia
This study was intended to evaluate the fluoride concentration in drinking water and its effect on dental fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia. Water samples were gathered rom wells, filtration plants and commercial brands (bottled water) in distinct urban and rural areas of Asir region of the Kingdo...
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doaj-1ab87bfe656d4ffe8d0bcccd0c42ee122020-11-25T03:14:07ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1661-78271660-46012020-06-01173914391410.3390/ijerph17113914Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Dental Fluorosis in Southwest Saudi ArabiaGotam Das0Vineet Tirth1Suraj Arora2Ali Algahtani3Mohammed Kafeel4Ayed Hassan G Alqarni5Priyanka Saluja6Hitesh Vij7Shashit Shetty Bavabeedu8Amit Tirth9Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi ArabiaMechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering & Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi ArabiaRestorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi ArabiaMechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering & Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi ArabiaChemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi ArabiaIntern, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JCD Dental College, Vidyapeeth, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, IndiaBoston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USARestorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Public Health Dentistry, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Center, Moradabad 244001, UP, IndiaThis study was intended to evaluate the fluoride concentration in drinking water and its effect on dental fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia. Water samples were gathered rom wells, filtration plants and commercial brands (bottled water) in distinct urban and rural areas of Asir region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Overall, 63 water samples were collected from 12 locations and 9 brands of bottled water. ExStik<sup>®</sup> FL700Fluoridemeter was used in the analysis of water samples for fluoride levels. The total number of screened patients for dental fluorosis, aged between 9 and 50 years, was 1150; among them, 609 were males and 541 were females. Dean’s index criteria were used to examine the patients for dental fluorosis. The results revealed that fluoride levels varied between 0.03 and 3.8 ppm. People who drank well water displayed increased fluoride levels (>0.81 ppm). The prevalence of dental fluorosis was established to be 20.43% among the total number of examined patients. The findings of this study show very mild to moderate dental fluorosis prevail among the patients who consume well water in the Asir region.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/11/3914fluoride levelsdrinking waterdental fluorosiswell waterbottled waterfiltered water |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Gotam Das Vineet Tirth Suraj Arora Ali Algahtani Mohammed Kafeel Ayed Hassan G Alqarni Priyanka Saluja Hitesh Vij Shashit Shetty Bavabeedu Amit Tirth |
spellingShingle |
Gotam Das Vineet Tirth Suraj Arora Ali Algahtani Mohammed Kafeel Ayed Hassan G Alqarni Priyanka Saluja Hitesh Vij Shashit Shetty Bavabeedu Amit Tirth Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Dental Fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health fluoride levels drinking water dental fluorosis well water bottled water filtered water |
author_facet |
Gotam Das Vineet Tirth Suraj Arora Ali Algahtani Mohammed Kafeel Ayed Hassan G Alqarni Priyanka Saluja Hitesh Vij Shashit Shetty Bavabeedu Amit Tirth |
author_sort |
Gotam Das |
title |
Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Dental Fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia |
title_short |
Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Dental Fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia |
title_full |
Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Dental Fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia |
title_fullStr |
Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Dental Fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia |
title_full_unstemmed |
Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Dental Fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia |
title_sort |
effect of fluoride concentration in drinking water on dental fluorosis in southwest saudi arabia |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
issn |
1661-7827 1660-4601 |
publishDate |
2020-06-01 |
description |
This study was intended to evaluate the fluoride concentration in drinking water and its effect on dental fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia. Water samples were gathered rom wells, filtration plants and commercial brands (bottled water) in distinct urban and rural areas of Asir region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Overall, 63 water samples were collected from 12 locations and 9 brands of bottled water. ExStik<sup>®</sup> FL700Fluoridemeter was used in the analysis of water samples for fluoride levels. The total number of screened patients for dental fluorosis, aged between 9 and 50 years, was 1150; among them, 609 were males and 541 were females. Dean’s index criteria were used to examine the patients for dental fluorosis. The results revealed that fluoride levels varied between 0.03 and 3.8 ppm. People who drank well water displayed increased fluoride levels (>0.81 ppm). The prevalence of dental fluorosis was established to be 20.43% among the total number of examined patients. The findings of this study show very mild to moderate dental fluorosis prevail among the patients who consume well water in the Asir region. |
topic |
fluoride levels drinking water dental fluorosis well water bottled water filtered water |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/11/3914 |
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