Embodiment Is Related to Better Performance on a Brain–Computer Interface in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study
Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain−computer interfaces (BCIs) for motor rehabilitation aim to “close the loop” between attempted motor commands and sensory feedback by providing supplemental information when individuals successfully achieve specific brain patterns...
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doaj-1b7bc966e1294dc29b119e428eb159f32020-11-25T03:32:29ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202020-02-01204120410.3390/s20041204s20041204Embodiment Is Related to Better Performance on a Brain–Computer Interface in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Pilot StudyJulia M. Juliano0Ryan P. Spicer1Athanasios Vourvopoulos2Stephanie Lefebvre3Kay Jann4Tyler Ard5Emiliano Santarnecchi6David M. Krum7Sook-Lei Liew8Neural Plasticity and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USAInstitute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Playa Vista, CA 90094, USANeural Plasticity and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USANeural Plasticity and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USAUSC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USAUSC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USABerenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USAInstitute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Playa Vista, CA 90094, USANeural Plasticity and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USAElectroencephalography (EEG)-based brain−computer interfaces (BCIs) for motor rehabilitation aim to “close the loop” between attempted motor commands and sensory feedback by providing supplemental information when individuals successfully achieve specific brain patterns. Existing EEG-based BCIs use various displays to provide feedback, ranging from displays considered more immersive (e.g., head-mounted display virtual reality (HMD-VR)) to displays considered less immersive (e.g., computer screens). However, it is not clear whether more immersive displays improve neurofeedback performance and whether there are individual performance differences in HMD-VR versus screen-based neurofeedback. In this pilot study, we compared neurofeedback performance in HMD-VR versus a computer screen in 12 healthy individuals and examined whether individual differences on two measures (i.e., presence, embodiment) were related to neurofeedback performance in either environment. We found that, while participants’ performance on the BCI was similar between display conditions, the participants’ reported levels of embodiment were significantly different. Specifically, participants experienced higher levels of embodiment in HMD-VR compared to a computer screen. We further found that reported levels of embodiment positively correlated with neurofeedback performance only in HMD-VR. Overall, these preliminary results suggest that embodiment may relate to better performance on EEG-based BCIs and that HMD-VR may increase embodiment compared to computer screens.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1204brain–computer interfaceneurofeedbackimmersive virtual realityhead-mounted displayelectroencephalographypresenceembodiment |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Julia M. Juliano Ryan P. Spicer Athanasios Vourvopoulos Stephanie Lefebvre Kay Jann Tyler Ard Emiliano Santarnecchi David M. Krum Sook-Lei Liew |
spellingShingle |
Julia M. Juliano Ryan P. Spicer Athanasios Vourvopoulos Stephanie Lefebvre Kay Jann Tyler Ard Emiliano Santarnecchi David M. Krum Sook-Lei Liew Embodiment Is Related to Better Performance on a Brain–Computer Interface in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study Sensors brain–computer interface neurofeedback immersive virtual reality head-mounted display electroencephalography presence embodiment |
author_facet |
Julia M. Juliano Ryan P. Spicer Athanasios Vourvopoulos Stephanie Lefebvre Kay Jann Tyler Ard Emiliano Santarnecchi David M. Krum Sook-Lei Liew |
author_sort |
Julia M. Juliano |
title |
Embodiment Is Related to Better Performance on a Brain–Computer Interface in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study |
title_short |
Embodiment Is Related to Better Performance on a Brain–Computer Interface in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study |
title_full |
Embodiment Is Related to Better Performance on a Brain–Computer Interface in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study |
title_fullStr |
Embodiment Is Related to Better Performance on a Brain–Computer Interface in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study |
title_full_unstemmed |
Embodiment Is Related to Better Performance on a Brain–Computer Interface in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study |
title_sort |
embodiment is related to better performance on a brain–computer interface in immersive virtual reality: a pilot study |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Sensors |
issn |
1424-8220 |
publishDate |
2020-02-01 |
description |
Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain−computer interfaces (BCIs) for motor rehabilitation aim to “close the loop” between attempted motor commands and sensory feedback by providing supplemental information when individuals successfully achieve specific brain patterns. Existing EEG-based BCIs use various displays to provide feedback, ranging from displays considered more immersive (e.g., head-mounted display virtual reality (HMD-VR)) to displays considered less immersive (e.g., computer screens). However, it is not clear whether more immersive displays improve neurofeedback performance and whether there are individual performance differences in HMD-VR versus screen-based neurofeedback. In this pilot study, we compared neurofeedback performance in HMD-VR versus a computer screen in 12 healthy individuals and examined whether individual differences on two measures (i.e., presence, embodiment) were related to neurofeedback performance in either environment. We found that, while participants’ performance on the BCI was similar between display conditions, the participants’ reported levels of embodiment were significantly different. Specifically, participants experienced higher levels of embodiment in HMD-VR compared to a computer screen. We further found that reported levels of embodiment positively correlated with neurofeedback performance only in HMD-VR. Overall, these preliminary results suggest that embodiment may relate to better performance on EEG-based BCIs and that HMD-VR may increase embodiment compared to computer screens. |
topic |
brain–computer interface neurofeedback immersive virtual reality head-mounted display electroencephalography presence embodiment |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1204 |
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