An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal)
The Selvagens Islands, which are a marine protected area located at the southernmost point of the Portuguese maritime zone, have been associated with fish harboring ciguatoxins (CTX) and linked to ciguatera fish poisonings. This study reports the results of a field sampling campaign carried out in S...
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doaj-1ecdef27cad3458ba03bbeeb732e8ce32021-08-26T14:25:07ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512021-08-011358058010.3390/toxins13080580An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal)Pedro Reis Costa0Pablo Estévez1Lucía Soliño2David Castro3Susana Margarida Rodrigues4Viriato Timoteo5José Manuel Leao-Martins6Carolina Santos7Neide Gouveia8Jorge Diogène9Ana Gago-Martínez10IPMA—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, PortugalBiomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, SpainIPMA—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, PortugalBiomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, SpainIPMA—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, PortugalRegional Fisheries Management—Madeira Government, DSI-DRP, Estrada da Pontinha, 9004-562 Funchal, Madeira, PortugalBiomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, SpainInstituto das Florestas e Conservação da Natureza, IP-RAM, Secretaria Regional do Ambiente, e Recursos Naturais e Alterações Climáticas, Regional Government of Madeira, Rua João de Deus, n.º 12 E/F, R/C-C, 9050-027 Funchal, Madeira, PortugalRegional Fisheries Management—Madeira Government, DSI-DRP, Estrada da Pontinha, 9004-562 Funchal, Madeira, PortugalIRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, SpainBiomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, SpainThe Selvagens Islands, which are a marine protected area located at the southernmost point of the Portuguese maritime zone, have been associated with fish harboring ciguatoxins (CTX) and linked to ciguatera fish poisonings. This study reports the results of a field sampling campaign carried out in September 2018 in these remote and rarely surveyed islands. Fifty-six fish specimens from different trophic levels were caught for CTX-like toxicity determination by cell-based assay (CBA) and toxin content analysis by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Notably, high toxicity levels were found in fish with an intermediate position in the food web, such as zebra seabream (<i>Diplodus cervinus</i>) and barred hogfish (<i>Bodianus scrofa</i>), reaching levels up to 0.75 µg CTX1B equivalent kg<sup>−1</sup>. The LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed that C-CTX1 was the main toxin, but discrepancies between CBA and LC-MS/MS in <i>D. cervinus</i> and top predator species, such as the yellowmouth barracuda (<i>Sphyraena viridis</i>) and amberjacks (<i>Seriola</i> spp.), suggest the presence of fish metabolic products, which need to be further elucidated. This study confirms that fish from coastal food webs of the Selvagens Islands represent a high risk of ciguatera, raising important issues for fisheries and environmental management of the Selvagens Islands.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/8/580ciguatoxinsSelvagens Islandsseafood safety<i>Gambierdiscus</i>ciguatera |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Pedro Reis Costa Pablo Estévez Lucía Soliño David Castro Susana Margarida Rodrigues Viriato Timoteo José Manuel Leao-Martins Carolina Santos Neide Gouveia Jorge Diogène Ana Gago-Martínez |
spellingShingle |
Pedro Reis Costa Pablo Estévez Lucía Soliño David Castro Susana Margarida Rodrigues Viriato Timoteo José Manuel Leao-Martins Carolina Santos Neide Gouveia Jorge Diogène Ana Gago-Martínez An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal) Toxins ciguatoxins Selvagens Islands seafood safety <i>Gambierdiscus</i> ciguatera |
author_facet |
Pedro Reis Costa Pablo Estévez Lucía Soliño David Castro Susana Margarida Rodrigues Viriato Timoteo José Manuel Leao-Martins Carolina Santos Neide Gouveia Jorge Diogène Ana Gago-Martínez |
author_sort |
Pedro Reis Costa |
title |
An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal) |
title_short |
An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal) |
title_full |
An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal) |
title_fullStr |
An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal) |
title_full_unstemmed |
An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal) |
title_sort |
update on ciguatoxins and ctx-like toxicity in fish from different trophic levels of the selvagens islands (ne atlantic, madeira, portugal) |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Toxins |
issn |
2072-6651 |
publishDate |
2021-08-01 |
description |
The Selvagens Islands, which are a marine protected area located at the southernmost point of the Portuguese maritime zone, have been associated with fish harboring ciguatoxins (CTX) and linked to ciguatera fish poisonings. This study reports the results of a field sampling campaign carried out in September 2018 in these remote and rarely surveyed islands. Fifty-six fish specimens from different trophic levels were caught for CTX-like toxicity determination by cell-based assay (CBA) and toxin content analysis by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Notably, high toxicity levels were found in fish with an intermediate position in the food web, such as zebra seabream (<i>Diplodus cervinus</i>) and barred hogfish (<i>Bodianus scrofa</i>), reaching levels up to 0.75 µg CTX1B equivalent kg<sup>−1</sup>. The LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed that C-CTX1 was the main toxin, but discrepancies between CBA and LC-MS/MS in <i>D. cervinus</i> and top predator species, such as the yellowmouth barracuda (<i>Sphyraena viridis</i>) and amberjacks (<i>Seriola</i> spp.), suggest the presence of fish metabolic products, which need to be further elucidated. This study confirms that fish from coastal food webs of the Selvagens Islands represent a high risk of ciguatera, raising important issues for fisheries and environmental management of the Selvagens Islands. |
topic |
ciguatoxins Selvagens Islands seafood safety <i>Gambierdiscus</i> ciguatera |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/8/580 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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