Flavone-Rich Fractions and Extracts from <i>Oroxylum indicum</i> and Their Antibacterial Activities against Clinically Isolated Zoonotic Bacteria and Free Radical Scavenging Effects
<i>Oroxylum indicum</i> extracts from the seeds collected from Lampang and Pattani provinces in Thailand, and young fruits and flowers exhibited in vitro display antioxidant and antibacterial activities against clinically isolated zoonotic bacteria including <i>Staphylococcus inter...
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doaj-21bbf6cd7eab49df92fcdaccf6de2c312021-03-23T00:02:31ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-03-01261773177310.3390/molecules26061773Flavone-Rich Fractions and Extracts from <i>Oroxylum indicum</i> and Their Antibacterial Activities against Clinically Isolated Zoonotic Bacteria and Free Radical Scavenging EffectsPatchima Sithisarn0Piyanuch Rojsanga1Pongtip Sithisarn2Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, ThailandDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand<i>Oroxylum indicum</i> extracts from the seeds collected from Lampang and Pattani provinces in Thailand, and young fruits and flowers exhibited in vitro display antioxidant and antibacterial activities against clinically isolated zoonotic bacteria including <i>Staphylococcus intermedius</i>, <i>Streptococcus suis</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>β</i>-hemolytic <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The orange crystals and yellow precipitates were obtained from the preparation processes of the seed extracts. The orange-red crystals from the seeds collected from Lampang province exhibited strong in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging effects (EC<sub>50</sub> value = 25.99 ± 3.30 μg/mL) and antibacterial effects on <i>S. intermedius</i> and <i>β</i>-hemolytic <i>E. coli</i> while the yellow precipitate from the same source exhibited only antioxidant activity. Quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in <i>O. indicum</i> samples by spectrophotometric and HPLC techniques showed that they contained different amounts of total phenolic, total flavonoid and three major flavones; baicalin, baicalein and chrysin contents. Young fruit extract, which contained low amounts of flavone contents, still promoted antibacterial effects against the tested bacteria with IC<sub>50</sub> values lower than 1 mg/mL and MIC values between 4 to 10 mg/mL in <i>S. intermedius, S. aureus</i> and <i>S suis</i> while higher IC<sub>50</sub> and MIC values against <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>β</i>-hemolytic <i>E. coli</i> were found. From scanning electron microscopy, the extract of the young fruit of <i>O. indicum</i> promoted morphological changes in the bacterial cells by disrupting the bacterial cell walls, inducing leakage of the cellular content, and generating the abnormal accumulation of cells. The mechanism of action of the extract for this antibacterial effect may be the disruption of the cell membrane and abnormal cell aggregations. Regression analysis of the results suggests the correlation between total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant and antibacterial effects. Baicalin was found to have a high correlation with an inhibitory effect against <i>β</i>-hemolytic <i>E. coli</i> while three unidentified peaks, which could be flavones, showed high correlations with an inhibitory effect against <i>S. intermedius</i>, <i>S. suis</i>, <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/6/1773<i>Oroxylum indicum</i>zoonotic infectionmechanism of actionflavoneHPLCDPPH |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Patchima Sithisarn Piyanuch Rojsanga Pongtip Sithisarn |
spellingShingle |
Patchima Sithisarn Piyanuch Rojsanga Pongtip Sithisarn Flavone-Rich Fractions and Extracts from <i>Oroxylum indicum</i> and Their Antibacterial Activities against Clinically Isolated Zoonotic Bacteria and Free Radical Scavenging Effects Molecules <i>Oroxylum indicum</i> zoonotic infection mechanism of action flavone HPLC DPPH |
author_facet |
Patchima Sithisarn Piyanuch Rojsanga Pongtip Sithisarn |
author_sort |
Patchima Sithisarn |
title |
Flavone-Rich Fractions and Extracts from <i>Oroxylum indicum</i> and Their Antibacterial Activities against Clinically Isolated Zoonotic Bacteria and Free Radical Scavenging Effects |
title_short |
Flavone-Rich Fractions and Extracts from <i>Oroxylum indicum</i> and Their Antibacterial Activities against Clinically Isolated Zoonotic Bacteria and Free Radical Scavenging Effects |
title_full |
Flavone-Rich Fractions and Extracts from <i>Oroxylum indicum</i> and Their Antibacterial Activities against Clinically Isolated Zoonotic Bacteria and Free Radical Scavenging Effects |
title_fullStr |
Flavone-Rich Fractions and Extracts from <i>Oroxylum indicum</i> and Their Antibacterial Activities against Clinically Isolated Zoonotic Bacteria and Free Radical Scavenging Effects |
title_full_unstemmed |
Flavone-Rich Fractions and Extracts from <i>Oroxylum indicum</i> and Their Antibacterial Activities against Clinically Isolated Zoonotic Bacteria and Free Radical Scavenging Effects |
title_sort |
flavone-rich fractions and extracts from <i>oroxylum indicum</i> and their antibacterial activities against clinically isolated zoonotic bacteria and free radical scavenging effects |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Molecules |
issn |
1420-3049 |
publishDate |
2021-03-01 |
description |
<i>Oroxylum indicum</i> extracts from the seeds collected from Lampang and Pattani provinces in Thailand, and young fruits and flowers exhibited in vitro display antioxidant and antibacterial activities against clinically isolated zoonotic bacteria including <i>Staphylococcus intermedius</i>, <i>Streptococcus suis</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>β</i>-hemolytic <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The orange crystals and yellow precipitates were obtained from the preparation processes of the seed extracts. The orange-red crystals from the seeds collected from Lampang province exhibited strong in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging effects (EC<sub>50</sub> value = 25.99 ± 3.30 μg/mL) and antibacterial effects on <i>S. intermedius</i> and <i>β</i>-hemolytic <i>E. coli</i> while the yellow precipitate from the same source exhibited only antioxidant activity. Quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in <i>O. indicum</i> samples by spectrophotometric and HPLC techniques showed that they contained different amounts of total phenolic, total flavonoid and three major flavones; baicalin, baicalein and chrysin contents. Young fruit extract, which contained low amounts of flavone contents, still promoted antibacterial effects against the tested bacteria with IC<sub>50</sub> values lower than 1 mg/mL and MIC values between 4 to 10 mg/mL in <i>S. intermedius, S. aureus</i> and <i>S suis</i> while higher IC<sub>50</sub> and MIC values against <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>β</i>-hemolytic <i>E. coli</i> were found. From scanning electron microscopy, the extract of the young fruit of <i>O. indicum</i> promoted morphological changes in the bacterial cells by disrupting the bacterial cell walls, inducing leakage of the cellular content, and generating the abnormal accumulation of cells. The mechanism of action of the extract for this antibacterial effect may be the disruption of the cell membrane and abnormal cell aggregations. Regression analysis of the results suggests the correlation between total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant and antibacterial effects. Baicalin was found to have a high correlation with an inhibitory effect against <i>β</i>-hemolytic <i>E. coli</i> while three unidentified peaks, which could be flavones, showed high correlations with an inhibitory effect against <i>S. intermedius</i>, <i>S. suis</i>, <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>. |
topic |
<i>Oroxylum indicum</i> zoonotic infection mechanism of action flavone HPLC DPPH |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/6/1773 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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