Current View on Phytoplasma Genomes and Encoded Metabolism
Phytoplasmas are specialised bacteria that are obligate parasites of plant phloem tissue and insects. These bacteria have resisted all attempts of cell-free cultivation. Genome research is of particular importance to analyse the genetic endowment of such bacteria. Here we review the gene content of...
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doaj-221360d633f248b2a1210dd0987a05db2020-11-24T21:23:11ZengHindawi LimitedThe Scientific World Journal1537-744X2012-01-01201210.1100/2012/185942185942Current View on Phytoplasma Genomes and Encoded MetabolismMichael Kube0Jelena Mitrovic1Bojan Duduk2Ralf Rabus3Erich Seemüller4Department of Crop and Animal Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195 Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Plant Pathology, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31b, P.O. Box 163, 11080 Belgrade, SerbiaDepartment of Plant Pathology, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31b, P.O. Box 163, 11080 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, GermanyInstitute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Schwabenheimer Straße 101, 69221 Dossenheim, GermanyPhytoplasmas are specialised bacteria that are obligate parasites of plant phloem tissue and insects. These bacteria have resisted all attempts of cell-free cultivation. Genome research is of particular importance to analyse the genetic endowment of such bacteria. Here we review the gene content of the four completely sequenced ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ genomes that include those of ‘Ca. P. asteris’ strains OY-M and AY-WB, ‘Ca. P. australiense,’ and ‘Ca. P. mali’. These genomes are characterized by chromosome condensation resulting in sizes below 900 kb and a G + C content of less than 28%. Evolutionary adaption of the phytoplasmas to nutrient-rich environments resulted in losses of genetic modules and increased host dependency highlighted by the transport systems and limited metabolic repertoire. On the other hand, duplication and integration events enlarged the chromosomes and contribute to genome instability. Present differences in the content of membrane and secreted proteins reflect the host adaptation in the phytoplasma strains. General differences are obvious between different phylogenetic subgroups. ‘Ca. P. mali’ is separated from the other strains by its deviating chromosome organization, the genetic repertoire for recombination and excision repair of nucleotides or the loss of the complete energy-yielding part of the glycolysis. Apart from these differences, comparative analysis exemplified that all four phytoplasmas are likely to encode an alternative pathway to generate pyruvate and ATP.http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/185942 |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Michael Kube Jelena Mitrovic Bojan Duduk Ralf Rabus Erich Seemüller |
spellingShingle |
Michael Kube Jelena Mitrovic Bojan Duduk Ralf Rabus Erich Seemüller Current View on Phytoplasma Genomes and Encoded Metabolism The Scientific World Journal |
author_facet |
Michael Kube Jelena Mitrovic Bojan Duduk Ralf Rabus Erich Seemüller |
author_sort |
Michael Kube |
title |
Current View on Phytoplasma Genomes and Encoded Metabolism |
title_short |
Current View on Phytoplasma Genomes and Encoded Metabolism |
title_full |
Current View on Phytoplasma Genomes and Encoded Metabolism |
title_fullStr |
Current View on Phytoplasma Genomes and Encoded Metabolism |
title_full_unstemmed |
Current View on Phytoplasma Genomes and Encoded Metabolism |
title_sort |
current view on phytoplasma genomes and encoded metabolism |
publisher |
Hindawi Limited |
series |
The Scientific World Journal |
issn |
1537-744X |
publishDate |
2012-01-01 |
description |
Phytoplasmas are specialised bacteria that are obligate parasites of plant phloem tissue and insects. These bacteria have resisted all attempts of cell-free cultivation. Genome research is of particular importance to analyse the genetic endowment of such bacteria. Here we review the gene content of the four completely sequenced ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ genomes that include those of ‘Ca. P. asteris’ strains OY-M and AY-WB, ‘Ca. P. australiense,’ and ‘Ca. P. mali’. These genomes are characterized by chromosome condensation resulting in sizes below 900 kb and a G + C content of less than 28%. Evolutionary adaption of the phytoplasmas to nutrient-rich environments resulted in losses of genetic modules and increased host dependency highlighted by the transport systems and limited metabolic repertoire. On the other hand, duplication and integration events enlarged the chromosomes and contribute to genome instability. Present differences in the content of membrane and secreted proteins reflect the host adaptation in the phytoplasma strains. General differences are obvious between different phylogenetic subgroups. ‘Ca. P. mali’ is separated from the other strains by its deviating chromosome organization, the genetic repertoire for recombination and excision repair of nucleotides or the loss of the complete energy-yielding part of the glycolysis. Apart from these differences, comparative analysis exemplified that all four phytoplasmas are likely to encode an alternative pathway to generate pyruvate and ATP. |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/185942 |
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