SO2 and tephra emissions during the December 22, 2018 Anak Krakatau eruption
On December 22, 2018 the south-western flank of Anak Krakatau collapsed into the sea, removing 93.8 × 106 m3 of subaerial lavas, and generated a tsunami. Synchronously with the collapse, a large volcanic plume of SO2 and ash (14–15 km in height) has formed, marking the onset of a paroxysmal eruption...
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doaj-22a87d87f8894257a36a669f504a2d932021-05-02T17:09:01ZengVolcanicaVolcanica2610-35402019-07-01229110310.30909/vol.02.02.9110337SO2 and tephra emissions during the December 22, 2018 Anak Krakatau eruptionMathieu Gouhier0Raphaël Paris1University Clermont Auvergne (UCA)University Clermont Auvergne (UCA)On December 22, 2018 the south-western flank of Anak Krakatau collapsed into the sea, removing 93.8 × 106 m3 of subaerial lavas, and generated a tsunami. Synchronously with the collapse, a large volcanic plume of SO2 and ash (14–15 km in height) has formed, marking the onset of a paroxysmal eruption lasting from December 22, 2018 to January 06, 2019. From remote sensing analysis, we show that the eruption can be divided into three main phases. Phase I and II show both tephra and gas emissions while phase III is mostly degassing. The total amount of SO2 injected in the atmosphere is 173±52 kt, while the minimum bulk magma volume emplaced, estimated from a topographic reconstruction, is ∼45 × 106 m3. This value compares well with a petrologic-based estimate of 56.4 × 106 m3, making the existence of external sulphur sources and sinks quite unlikely. The ice-rich ash plume formation shows that a strong sea-water/magma interaction was responsible for the phreatomagmatic activity throughout the eruption. However, we distinguish a first Vulcanian blast-derived eruption (lasting 40 min) just after the collapse having a Mass Eruption Rate (MER) of 9 × 105 kgs−1, followed by a sustained lower-intensity eruption resulting in ash emissions over hours (MER = 5 × 105 kgs−1). From December 23, daytime photos show typical Surtseyan activity.https://www.jvolcanica.org/ojs/index.php/volcanica/article/view/37SO2 degassingVolcanic ashFlank CollapseAnak Krakatau |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Mathieu Gouhier Raphaël Paris |
spellingShingle |
Mathieu Gouhier Raphaël Paris SO2 and tephra emissions during the December 22, 2018 Anak Krakatau eruption Volcanica SO2 degassing Volcanic ash Flank Collapse Anak Krakatau |
author_facet |
Mathieu Gouhier Raphaël Paris |
author_sort |
Mathieu Gouhier |
title |
SO2 and tephra emissions during the December 22, 2018 Anak Krakatau eruption |
title_short |
SO2 and tephra emissions during the December 22, 2018 Anak Krakatau eruption |
title_full |
SO2 and tephra emissions during the December 22, 2018 Anak Krakatau eruption |
title_fullStr |
SO2 and tephra emissions during the December 22, 2018 Anak Krakatau eruption |
title_full_unstemmed |
SO2 and tephra emissions during the December 22, 2018 Anak Krakatau eruption |
title_sort |
so2 and tephra emissions during the december 22, 2018 anak krakatau eruption |
publisher |
Volcanica |
series |
Volcanica |
issn |
2610-3540 |
publishDate |
2019-07-01 |
description |
On December 22, 2018 the south-western flank of Anak Krakatau collapsed into the sea, removing 93.8 × 106 m3 of subaerial lavas, and generated a tsunami. Synchronously with the collapse, a large volcanic plume of SO2 and ash (14–15 km in height) has formed, marking the onset of a paroxysmal eruption lasting from December 22, 2018 to January 06, 2019. From remote sensing analysis, we show that the eruption can be divided into three main phases. Phase I and II show both tephra and gas emissions while phase III is mostly degassing. The total amount of SO2 injected in the atmosphere is 173±52 kt, while the minimum bulk magma volume emplaced, estimated from a topographic reconstruction, is ∼45 × 106 m3. This value compares well with a petrologic-based estimate of 56.4 × 106 m3, making the existence of external sulphur sources and sinks quite unlikely. The ice-rich ash plume formation shows that a strong sea-water/magma interaction was responsible for the phreatomagmatic activity throughout the eruption. However, we distinguish a first Vulcanian blast-derived eruption (lasting 40 min) just after the collapse having a Mass Eruption Rate (MER) of 9 × 105 kgs−1, followed by a sustained lower-intensity eruption resulting in ash emissions over hours (MER = 5 × 105 kgs−1). From December 23, daytime photos show typical Surtseyan activity. |
topic |
SO2 degassing Volcanic ash Flank Collapse Anak Krakatau |
url |
https://www.jvolcanica.org/ojs/index.php/volcanica/article/view/37 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT mathieugouhier so2andtephraemissionsduringthedecember222018anakkrakataueruption AT raphaelparis so2andtephraemissionsduringthedecember222018anakkrakataueruption |
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1721489691627225088 |