Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to Host
Arthropod-borne viruses, referred to collectively as arboviruses, infect millions of people worldwide each year and have the potential to cause severe disease. They are predominately transmitted to humans through blood-feeding behavior of three main groups of biting arthropods: ticks, mosquitoes, an...
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doaj-231bccd639c945fc9c27ed8258b2d17a2021-09-09T13:46:55ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-08-01229173917310.3390/ijms22179173Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to HostChristine A. Schneider0Eric Calvo1Karin E. Peterson2Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USALaboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USALaboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USAArthropod-borne viruses, referred to collectively as arboviruses, infect millions of people worldwide each year and have the potential to cause severe disease. They are predominately transmitted to humans through blood-feeding behavior of three main groups of biting arthropods: ticks, mosquitoes, and sandflies. The pathogens harbored by these blood-feeding arthropods (BFA) are transferred to animal hosts through deposition of virus-rich saliva into the skin. Sometimes these infections become systemic and can lead to neuro-invasion and life-threatening viral encephalitis. Factors intrinsic to the arboviral vectors can greatly influence the pathogenicity and virulence of infections, with mounting evidence that BFA saliva and salivary proteins can shift the trajectory of viral infection in the host. This review provides an overview of arbovirus infection and ways in which vectors influence viral pathogenesis. In particular, we focus on how saliva and salivary gland extracts from the three dominant arbovirus vectors impact the trajectory of the cellular immune response to arbovirus infection in the skin.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/17/9173viral infectionskinimmune enhancementmosquito |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Christine A. Schneider Eric Calvo Karin E. Peterson |
spellingShingle |
Christine A. Schneider Eric Calvo Karin E. Peterson Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to Host International Journal of Molecular Sciences viral infection skin immune enhancement mosquito |
author_facet |
Christine A. Schneider Eric Calvo Karin E. Peterson |
author_sort |
Christine A. Schneider |
title |
Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to Host |
title_short |
Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to Host |
title_full |
Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to Host |
title_fullStr |
Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to Host |
title_full_unstemmed |
Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to Host |
title_sort |
arboviruses: how saliva impacts the journey from vector to host |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1661-6596 1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2021-08-01 |
description |
Arthropod-borne viruses, referred to collectively as arboviruses, infect millions of people worldwide each year and have the potential to cause severe disease. They are predominately transmitted to humans through blood-feeding behavior of three main groups of biting arthropods: ticks, mosquitoes, and sandflies. The pathogens harbored by these blood-feeding arthropods (BFA) are transferred to animal hosts through deposition of virus-rich saliva into the skin. Sometimes these infections become systemic and can lead to neuro-invasion and life-threatening viral encephalitis. Factors intrinsic to the arboviral vectors can greatly influence the pathogenicity and virulence of infections, with mounting evidence that BFA saliva and salivary proteins can shift the trajectory of viral infection in the host. This review provides an overview of arbovirus infection and ways in which vectors influence viral pathogenesis. In particular, we focus on how saliva and salivary gland extracts from the three dominant arbovirus vectors impact the trajectory of the cellular immune response to arbovirus infection in the skin. |
topic |
viral infection skin immune enhancement mosquito |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/17/9173 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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