Kinetic Behavior of Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides in Mixed Methane and Carbon Dioxide Hydrates
This study evaluates the kinetic hydrate inhibition (KHI) performance of four quaternary ammonium hydroxides (QAH) on mixed CH<sub>4</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate systems. The studied QAHs are; tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH), tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH), tetra...
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doaj-233baa9f05cf4e6b864a4ea3c09967442021-01-08T00:05:17ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-01-012627527510.3390/molecules26020275Kinetic Behavior of Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides in Mixed Methane and Carbon Dioxide HydratesMuhammad Saad Khan0Cornelius Borecho Bavoh1Khor Siak Foo2Azmi Mohd Shariff3Zamzila Kassim4Nurzatil Aqmar Bt Othman5Bhajan Lal6Iqbal Ahmed7Mohammad Azizur Rahman8Sina Rezaei Gomari9Mechanical Engineering Department, Texas AM University at Qatar, Al Rayyan 5270, QatarChemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Darul Ridzuan 32610, Perak, MalaysiaChemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Darul Ridzuan 32610, Perak, MalaysiaChemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Darul Ridzuan 32610, Perak, MalaysiaPETRONAS Research Sdn Bhd, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, Lot 3288 3289 Off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kajang 43000, Selangor, MalaysiaPETRONAS Research Sdn Bhd, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, Lot 3288 3289 Off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kajang 43000, Selangor, MalaysiaChemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Darul Ridzuan 32610, Perak, MalaysiaMechanical Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University of Science and Technology, Jeddah 80200, Saudi ArabiaPetroleum Engineering Department, Texas AM University at Qatar, Al Rayyan 5270, QatarSchool of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UKThis study evaluates the kinetic hydrate inhibition (KHI) performance of four quaternary ammonium hydroxides (QAH) on mixed CH<sub>4</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate systems. The studied QAHs are; tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH), tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH), tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH), and tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPrAOH). The test was performed in a high-pressure hydrate reactor at temperatures of 274.0 K and 277.0 K, and a concentration of 1 wt.% using the isochoric cooling method. The kinetics results suggest that all the QAHs potentially delayed mixed CH<sub>4</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> hydrates formation due to their steric hindrance abilities. The presence of QAHs reduced hydrate formation risk than the conventional hydrate inhibitor, PVP, at higher subcooling conditions. The findings indicate that increasing QAHs alkyl chain lengths increase their kinetic hydrate inhibition efficacies due to better surface adsorption abilities. QAHs with longer chain lengths have lesser amounts of solute particles to prevent hydrate formation. The outcomes of this study contribute significantly to current efforts to control gas hydrate formation in offshore petroleum pipelines.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/2/275kinetic hydrate inhibitionammonium hydroxidesformation rateinduction timemixed gas hydrates |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Muhammad Saad Khan Cornelius Borecho Bavoh Khor Siak Foo Azmi Mohd Shariff Zamzila Kassim Nurzatil Aqmar Bt Othman Bhajan Lal Iqbal Ahmed Mohammad Azizur Rahman Sina Rezaei Gomari |
spellingShingle |
Muhammad Saad Khan Cornelius Borecho Bavoh Khor Siak Foo Azmi Mohd Shariff Zamzila Kassim Nurzatil Aqmar Bt Othman Bhajan Lal Iqbal Ahmed Mohammad Azizur Rahman Sina Rezaei Gomari Kinetic Behavior of Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides in Mixed Methane and Carbon Dioxide Hydrates Molecules kinetic hydrate inhibition ammonium hydroxides formation rate induction time mixed gas hydrates |
author_facet |
Muhammad Saad Khan Cornelius Borecho Bavoh Khor Siak Foo Azmi Mohd Shariff Zamzila Kassim Nurzatil Aqmar Bt Othman Bhajan Lal Iqbal Ahmed Mohammad Azizur Rahman Sina Rezaei Gomari |
author_sort |
Muhammad Saad Khan |
title |
Kinetic Behavior of Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides in Mixed Methane and Carbon Dioxide Hydrates |
title_short |
Kinetic Behavior of Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides in Mixed Methane and Carbon Dioxide Hydrates |
title_full |
Kinetic Behavior of Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides in Mixed Methane and Carbon Dioxide Hydrates |
title_fullStr |
Kinetic Behavior of Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides in Mixed Methane and Carbon Dioxide Hydrates |
title_full_unstemmed |
Kinetic Behavior of Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides in Mixed Methane and Carbon Dioxide Hydrates |
title_sort |
kinetic behavior of quaternary ammonium hydroxides in mixed methane and carbon dioxide hydrates |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Molecules |
issn |
1420-3049 |
publishDate |
2021-01-01 |
description |
This study evaluates the kinetic hydrate inhibition (KHI) performance of four quaternary ammonium hydroxides (QAH) on mixed CH<sub>4</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate systems. The studied QAHs are; tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH), tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH), tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH), and tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPrAOH). The test was performed in a high-pressure hydrate reactor at temperatures of 274.0 K and 277.0 K, and a concentration of 1 wt.% using the isochoric cooling method. The kinetics results suggest that all the QAHs potentially delayed mixed CH<sub>4</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> hydrates formation due to their steric hindrance abilities. The presence of QAHs reduced hydrate formation risk than the conventional hydrate inhibitor, PVP, at higher subcooling conditions. The findings indicate that increasing QAHs alkyl chain lengths increase their kinetic hydrate inhibition efficacies due to better surface adsorption abilities. QAHs with longer chain lengths have lesser amounts of solute particles to prevent hydrate formation. The outcomes of this study contribute significantly to current efforts to control gas hydrate formation in offshore petroleum pipelines. |
topic |
kinetic hydrate inhibition ammonium hydroxides formation rate induction time mixed gas hydrates |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/2/275 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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