Turing Instability-Driven Biofabrication of Branching Tissue Structures: A Dynamic Simulation and Analysis Based on the Reaction–Diffusion Mechanism †
Four-dimensional (4D) biofabrication techniques aim to dynamically produce and control three-dimensional (3D) biological structures that would transform their shapes or functionalities with time, when a stimulus is imposed or cell post-printing self-assembly occurs. The evolution of 3D branching pat...
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doaj-233eb1a25aad494bb80d85818af618432020-11-25T00:18:30ZengMDPI AGMicromachines2072-666X2018-03-019310910.3390/mi9030109mi9030109Turing Instability-Driven Biofabrication of Branching Tissue Structures: A Dynamic Simulation and Analysis Based on the Reaction–Diffusion Mechanism †Xiaolu Zhu0Hao Yang1College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, ChinaCollege of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, ChinaFour-dimensional (4D) biofabrication techniques aim to dynamically produce and control three-dimensional (3D) biological structures that would transform their shapes or functionalities with time, when a stimulus is imposed or cell post-printing self-assembly occurs. The evolution of 3D branching patterns via self-assembly of cells is critical for the 4D biofabrication of artificial organs or tissues with branched geometry. However, it is still unclear how the formation and evolution of these branching patterns are biologically encoded. Here, we study the biofabrication of lung branching structures utilizing a simulation model based on Turing instability that raises a dynamic reaction–diffusion (RD) process of the biomolecules and cells. The simulation model incorporates partial differential equations of four variables, describing the tempo-spatial distribution of the variables in 3D over time. The simulation results present the formation and evolution process of 3D branching patterns over time and also interpret both the behaviors of side-branching and tip-splitting as the stalk grows and the fabrication style under an external concentration gradient of morphogen, through 3D visualization. This provides a theoretical framework for rationally guiding the 4D biofabrication of lung airway grafts via cellular self-organization, which would potentially reduce the complexity of future experimental research and number of trials.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/9/3/109reaction–diffusion mechanism4D biofabrication3D morphogenesisself-organization of cells |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Xiaolu Zhu Hao Yang |
spellingShingle |
Xiaolu Zhu Hao Yang Turing Instability-Driven Biofabrication of Branching Tissue Structures: A Dynamic Simulation and Analysis Based on the Reaction–Diffusion Mechanism † Micromachines reaction–diffusion mechanism 4D biofabrication 3D morphogenesis self-organization of cells |
author_facet |
Xiaolu Zhu Hao Yang |
author_sort |
Xiaolu Zhu |
title |
Turing Instability-Driven Biofabrication of Branching Tissue Structures: A Dynamic Simulation and Analysis Based on the Reaction–Diffusion Mechanism † |
title_short |
Turing Instability-Driven Biofabrication of Branching Tissue Structures: A Dynamic Simulation and Analysis Based on the Reaction–Diffusion Mechanism † |
title_full |
Turing Instability-Driven Biofabrication of Branching Tissue Structures: A Dynamic Simulation and Analysis Based on the Reaction–Diffusion Mechanism † |
title_fullStr |
Turing Instability-Driven Biofabrication of Branching Tissue Structures: A Dynamic Simulation and Analysis Based on the Reaction–Diffusion Mechanism † |
title_full_unstemmed |
Turing Instability-Driven Biofabrication of Branching Tissue Structures: A Dynamic Simulation and Analysis Based on the Reaction–Diffusion Mechanism † |
title_sort |
turing instability-driven biofabrication of branching tissue structures: a dynamic simulation and analysis based on the reaction–diffusion mechanism † |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Micromachines |
issn |
2072-666X |
publishDate |
2018-03-01 |
description |
Four-dimensional (4D) biofabrication techniques aim to dynamically produce and control three-dimensional (3D) biological structures that would transform their shapes or functionalities with time, when a stimulus is imposed or cell post-printing self-assembly occurs. The evolution of 3D branching patterns via self-assembly of cells is critical for the 4D biofabrication of artificial organs or tissues with branched geometry. However, it is still unclear how the formation and evolution of these branching patterns are biologically encoded. Here, we study the biofabrication of lung branching structures utilizing a simulation model based on Turing instability that raises a dynamic reaction–diffusion (RD) process of the biomolecules and cells. The simulation model incorporates partial differential equations of four variables, describing the tempo-spatial distribution of the variables in 3D over time. The simulation results present the formation and evolution process of 3D branching patterns over time and also interpret both the behaviors of side-branching and tip-splitting as the stalk grows and the fabrication style under an external concentration gradient of morphogen, through 3D visualization. This provides a theoretical framework for rationally guiding the 4D biofabrication of lung airway grafts via cellular self-organization, which would potentially reduce the complexity of future experimental research and number of trials. |
topic |
reaction–diffusion mechanism 4D biofabrication 3D morphogenesis self-organization of cells |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/9/3/109 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT xiaoluzhu turinginstabilitydrivenbiofabricationofbranchingtissuestructuresadynamicsimulationandanalysisbasedonthereactiondiffusionmechanism AT haoyang turinginstabilitydrivenbiofabricationofbranchingtissuestructuresadynamicsimulationandanalysisbasedonthereactiondiffusionmechanism |
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