Lipids in Entamoeba histolytica: Host-Dependence and Virulence Factors
Lipids are essential players in parasites pathogenesis. In particular, the highly phagocytic trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis, exhibit a dynamic membrane fusion and fission, in which lipids strongly participate; particularly during the overstated motility of t...
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doaj-2430b6511ee84a67b96a8be327d585d42020-11-25T00:33:31ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology2235-29882020-03-011010.3389/fcimb.2020.00075500306Lipids in Entamoeba histolytica: Host-Dependence and Virulence FactorsSilvia Castellanos-Castro0Silvia Castellanos-Castro1Jeni Bolaños2Jeni Bolaños3Esther Orozco4College of Sciences and Humanities, Autonomous University of Mexico City, Mexico City, MexicoBioImage Analysis Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, FranceDepartment of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, MexicoCentro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nnicolás Hidalgo, Morelia, MexicoDepartment of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, MexicoLipids are essential players in parasites pathogenesis. In particular, the highly phagocytic trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis, exhibit a dynamic membrane fusion and fission, in which lipids strongly participate; particularly during the overstated motility of the parasite to reach and attack the epithelia and ingest target cells. Synthesis and metabolism of lipids in this protozoan present remarkable difference with those performed by other eukaryotes. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge on lipids in E. histolytica. Trophozoites synthesize phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine by the Kennedy pathway; and sphingolipids, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol, by processes similar to those used by other eukaryotes. However, trophozoites lack enzymes for cholesterol and fatty acids synthesis, which are scavenged from the host or culture medium by specific mechanisms. Cholesterol, a fundamental molecule for the expression of virulence, is transported from the medium into the trophozoites by EhNPC1 and EhNPC2 proteins. Inside cells, lipids are distributed by different pathways, including by the participation of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), involved in vesicle fusion and fission. Cholesterol interacts with the phospholipid lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) and EhADH, an ALIX family protein, also involved in phagocytosis. In this review, we summarize the known information on phospholipids synthesis and cholesterol transport as well as their metabolic pathways in E. histolytica; highlighting the mechanisms used by trophozoites to dispose lipids involved in the virulence processes.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00075/fullEntamoeba histolyticalipid metabolismphospholipid synthesis pathwaycholesterol transportvirulence factors |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Silvia Castellanos-Castro Silvia Castellanos-Castro Jeni Bolaños Jeni Bolaños Esther Orozco |
spellingShingle |
Silvia Castellanos-Castro Silvia Castellanos-Castro Jeni Bolaños Jeni Bolaños Esther Orozco Lipids in Entamoeba histolytica: Host-Dependence and Virulence Factors Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology Entamoeba histolytica lipid metabolism phospholipid synthesis pathway cholesterol transport virulence factors |
author_facet |
Silvia Castellanos-Castro Silvia Castellanos-Castro Jeni Bolaños Jeni Bolaños Esther Orozco |
author_sort |
Silvia Castellanos-Castro |
title |
Lipids in Entamoeba histolytica: Host-Dependence and Virulence Factors |
title_short |
Lipids in Entamoeba histolytica: Host-Dependence and Virulence Factors |
title_full |
Lipids in Entamoeba histolytica: Host-Dependence and Virulence Factors |
title_fullStr |
Lipids in Entamoeba histolytica: Host-Dependence and Virulence Factors |
title_full_unstemmed |
Lipids in Entamoeba histolytica: Host-Dependence and Virulence Factors |
title_sort |
lipids in entamoeba histolytica: host-dependence and virulence factors |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
issn |
2235-2988 |
publishDate |
2020-03-01 |
description |
Lipids are essential players in parasites pathogenesis. In particular, the highly phagocytic trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis, exhibit a dynamic membrane fusion and fission, in which lipids strongly participate; particularly during the overstated motility of the parasite to reach and attack the epithelia and ingest target cells. Synthesis and metabolism of lipids in this protozoan present remarkable difference with those performed by other eukaryotes. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge on lipids in E. histolytica. Trophozoites synthesize phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine by the Kennedy pathway; and sphingolipids, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol, by processes similar to those used by other eukaryotes. However, trophozoites lack enzymes for cholesterol and fatty acids synthesis, which are scavenged from the host or culture medium by specific mechanisms. Cholesterol, a fundamental molecule for the expression of virulence, is transported from the medium into the trophozoites by EhNPC1 and EhNPC2 proteins. Inside cells, lipids are distributed by different pathways, including by the participation of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), involved in vesicle fusion and fission. Cholesterol interacts with the phospholipid lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) and EhADH, an ALIX family protein, also involved in phagocytosis. In this review, we summarize the known information on phospholipids synthesis and cholesterol transport as well as their metabolic pathways in E. histolytica; highlighting the mechanisms used by trophozoites to dispose lipids involved in the virulence processes. |
topic |
Entamoeba histolytica lipid metabolism phospholipid synthesis pathway cholesterol transport virulence factors |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00075/full |
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