Neuroprotective Effect of the Ginsenoside Rg1 on Cerebral Ischemic Injury In Vivo and In Vitro Is Mediated by PPARγ-Regulated Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways
The ginsenoside Rg1 exerts a neuroprotective effect during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Rg1 has been previously reported to improve PPARγ expression and signaling, consequently enhancing its regulatory processes. Due to PPARγ’s role in the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation, R...
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doaj-25f9b98460a448aab399151da18cd9592020-11-24T21:39:17ZengHindawi LimitedEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine1741-427X1741-42882017-01-01201710.1155/2017/78420827842082Neuroprotective Effect of the Ginsenoside Rg1 on Cerebral Ischemic Injury In Vivo and In Vitro Is Mediated by PPARγ-Regulated Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory PathwaysYang Li0Yue Guan1Ying Wang2Chun-Lei Yu3Feng-Guo Zhai4Li-Xin Guan5Department of Orthopedics, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, ChinaDepartment of Endocrinology, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, ChinaDepartment of Anatomy, Mudanjiang College of Medicine, Mudanjiang 157011, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, ChinaDepartment of Pharmacology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, ChinaDepartment of Pharmacology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, ChinaThe ginsenoside Rg1 exerts a neuroprotective effect during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Rg1 has been previously reported to improve PPARγ expression and signaling, consequently enhancing its regulatory processes. Due to PPARγ’s role in the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation, Rg1’s PPARγ-normalizing capacity may play a role in the observed neuroprotective action of Rg1 during ischemic brain injury. We utilized a middle cerebral artery ischemia/reperfusion injury model in rats in addition to an oxygen glucose deprivation model in cortical neurons to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of Rg1. We found that Rg1 significantly increased PPARγ expression and reduced multiple indicators of oxidative stress and inflammation. Ultimately, Rg1 treatment improved neurological function and diminished brain edema, indicating that Rg1 may exert its neuroprotective action on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through the activation of PPARγ signaling. In addition, the present findings suggested that Rg1 was a potent PPARγ agonist in that it upregulated PPARγ expression and was inhibited by GW9662, a selective PPARγ antagonist. These findings expand our previous understanding of the molecular basis of the therapeutic action of Rg1 in cerebral ischemic injury, laying the ground work for expanded study and clinical optimization of the compound.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7842082 |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Yang Li Yue Guan Ying Wang Chun-Lei Yu Feng-Guo Zhai Li-Xin Guan |
spellingShingle |
Yang Li Yue Guan Ying Wang Chun-Lei Yu Feng-Guo Zhai Li-Xin Guan Neuroprotective Effect of the Ginsenoside Rg1 on Cerebral Ischemic Injury In Vivo and In Vitro Is Mediated by PPARγ-Regulated Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |
author_facet |
Yang Li Yue Guan Ying Wang Chun-Lei Yu Feng-Guo Zhai Li-Xin Guan |
author_sort |
Yang Li |
title |
Neuroprotective Effect of the Ginsenoside Rg1 on Cerebral Ischemic Injury In Vivo and In Vitro Is Mediated by PPARγ-Regulated Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways |
title_short |
Neuroprotective Effect of the Ginsenoside Rg1 on Cerebral Ischemic Injury In Vivo and In Vitro Is Mediated by PPARγ-Regulated Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways |
title_full |
Neuroprotective Effect of the Ginsenoside Rg1 on Cerebral Ischemic Injury In Vivo and In Vitro Is Mediated by PPARγ-Regulated Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways |
title_fullStr |
Neuroprotective Effect of the Ginsenoside Rg1 on Cerebral Ischemic Injury In Vivo and In Vitro Is Mediated by PPARγ-Regulated Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways |
title_full_unstemmed |
Neuroprotective Effect of the Ginsenoside Rg1 on Cerebral Ischemic Injury In Vivo and In Vitro Is Mediated by PPARγ-Regulated Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways |
title_sort |
neuroprotective effect of the ginsenoside rg1 on cerebral ischemic injury in vivo and in vitro is mediated by pparγ-regulated antioxidative and anti-inflammatory pathways |
publisher |
Hindawi Limited |
series |
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |
issn |
1741-427X 1741-4288 |
publishDate |
2017-01-01 |
description |
The ginsenoside Rg1 exerts a neuroprotective effect during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Rg1 has been previously reported to improve PPARγ expression and signaling, consequently enhancing its regulatory processes. Due to PPARγ’s role in the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation, Rg1’s PPARγ-normalizing capacity may play a role in the observed neuroprotective action of Rg1 during ischemic brain injury. We utilized a middle cerebral artery ischemia/reperfusion injury model in rats in addition to an oxygen glucose deprivation model in cortical neurons to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of Rg1. We found that Rg1 significantly increased PPARγ expression and reduced multiple indicators of oxidative stress and inflammation. Ultimately, Rg1 treatment improved neurological function and diminished brain edema, indicating that Rg1 may exert its neuroprotective action on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through the activation of PPARγ signaling. In addition, the present findings suggested that Rg1 was a potent PPARγ agonist in that it upregulated PPARγ expression and was inhibited by GW9662, a selective PPARγ antagonist. These findings expand our previous understanding of the molecular basis of the therapeutic action of Rg1 in cerebral ischemic injury, laying the ground work for expanded study and clinical optimization of the compound. |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7842082 |
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