Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Potential, Cytotoxicity and Phytochemical Profiling of Four Plants Locally Used against Skin Diseases
Although orthodox medications are available for skin diseases, expensive dermatological services have necessitated the use of medicinal plants as a cheaper alternative. This study evaluated the pharmacological and phytochemical profiles of four medicinal plants (<i>Drimia sanguinea</i>,...
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doaj-2725cd05b93d413cbe2096406630ace02020-11-24T20:53:31ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472019-09-018935010.3390/plants8090350plants8090350Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Potential, Cytotoxicity and Phytochemical Profiling of Four Plants Locally Used against Skin DiseasesJohn A. Asong0Stephen O. Amoo1Lyndy J. McGaw2Sanah M. Nkadimeng3Adeyemi O. Aremu4Wilfred Otang-Mbeng5Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South AfricaAgricultural Research Council, Vegetables and Ornamental Plants, Pretoria, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaPhytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South AfricaPhytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South AfricaIndigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South AfricaSchool of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Private Bag X11283, Mbombela 1200, South AfricaAlthough orthodox medications are available for skin diseases, expensive dermatological services have necessitated the use of medicinal plants as a cheaper alternative. This study evaluated the pharmacological and phytochemical profiles of four medicinal plants (<i>Drimia sanguinea</i>, <i>Elephantorrhiza elephantina</i>, <i>Helichrysum paronychioides</i>, and <i>Senecio longiflorus</i>) used for treating skin diseases. Petroleum ether and 50% methanol extracts of the plants were screened for antimicrobial activity against six microbes: <i>Bacillus cereus</i>, <i>Shigella flexneri</i>, <i>Candida glabrata</i>, <i>Candida krusei</i>, <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i> and <i>Trichophyton tonsurans</i> using the micro-dilution technique. Antioxidant activity was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and β-carotene linoleic acid models. Cytotoxicity was determined against African green monkey Vero kidney cells based on the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Spectrophotometric and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) methods were used to evaluate the phytochemical constituents. All the extracts demonstrated varying degrees of antimicrobial potencies. <i>Shigella flexneri</i>, <i>Candida glabrata, Trichophyton rubrum</i> and <i>Trichophyton tonsurans</i> were most susceptible at 0.10 mg/mL. In the DPPH test, EC<sub>50</sub> values ranged from approximately 6−93 µg/mL and 65%−85% antioxidant activity in the β-carotene linoleic acid antioxidant activity model. The phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged from 3.5−64 mg GAE/g and 1.25−28 mg CE/g DW, respectively. The LC<sub>50</sub> values of the cytotoxicity assay ranged from 0.015−5622 µg/mL. GC-MS analysis revealed a rich pool (94−198) of bioactive compounds including dotriacontane, benzothiazole, heptacosane, bumetrizole, phthalic acid, stigmasterol, hexanoic acid and eicosanoic acid, which were common to the four plants. The current findings provide some degree of scientific evidence supporting the use of these four plants in folk medicine. However, the plants with high cytotoxicity need to be used with caution.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/8/9/350antioxidantantibacterialantifungalflavonoidsminimum inhibitory concentrationphenolsgas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
John A. Asong Stephen O. Amoo Lyndy J. McGaw Sanah M. Nkadimeng Adeyemi O. Aremu Wilfred Otang-Mbeng |
spellingShingle |
John A. Asong Stephen O. Amoo Lyndy J. McGaw Sanah M. Nkadimeng Adeyemi O. Aremu Wilfred Otang-Mbeng Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Potential, Cytotoxicity and Phytochemical Profiling of Four Plants Locally Used against Skin Diseases Plants antioxidant antibacterial antifungal flavonoids minimum inhibitory concentration phenols gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) |
author_facet |
John A. Asong Stephen O. Amoo Lyndy J. McGaw Sanah M. Nkadimeng Adeyemi O. Aremu Wilfred Otang-Mbeng |
author_sort |
John A. Asong |
title |
Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Potential, Cytotoxicity and Phytochemical Profiling of Four Plants Locally Used against Skin Diseases |
title_short |
Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Potential, Cytotoxicity and Phytochemical Profiling of Four Plants Locally Used against Skin Diseases |
title_full |
Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Potential, Cytotoxicity and Phytochemical Profiling of Four Plants Locally Used against Skin Diseases |
title_fullStr |
Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Potential, Cytotoxicity and Phytochemical Profiling of Four Plants Locally Used against Skin Diseases |
title_full_unstemmed |
Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Potential, Cytotoxicity and Phytochemical Profiling of Four Plants Locally Used against Skin Diseases |
title_sort |
antimicrobial activity, antioxidant potential, cytotoxicity and phytochemical profiling of four plants locally used against skin diseases |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Plants |
issn |
2223-7747 |
publishDate |
2019-09-01 |
description |
Although orthodox medications are available for skin diseases, expensive dermatological services have necessitated the use of medicinal plants as a cheaper alternative. This study evaluated the pharmacological and phytochemical profiles of four medicinal plants (<i>Drimia sanguinea</i>, <i>Elephantorrhiza elephantina</i>, <i>Helichrysum paronychioides</i>, and <i>Senecio longiflorus</i>) used for treating skin diseases. Petroleum ether and 50% methanol extracts of the plants were screened for antimicrobial activity against six microbes: <i>Bacillus cereus</i>, <i>Shigella flexneri</i>, <i>Candida glabrata</i>, <i>Candida krusei</i>, <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i> and <i>Trichophyton tonsurans</i> using the micro-dilution technique. Antioxidant activity was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and β-carotene linoleic acid models. Cytotoxicity was determined against African green monkey Vero kidney cells based on the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Spectrophotometric and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) methods were used to evaluate the phytochemical constituents. All the extracts demonstrated varying degrees of antimicrobial potencies. <i>Shigella flexneri</i>, <i>Candida glabrata, Trichophyton rubrum</i> and <i>Trichophyton tonsurans</i> were most susceptible at 0.10 mg/mL. In the DPPH test, EC<sub>50</sub> values ranged from approximately 6−93 µg/mL and 65%−85% antioxidant activity in the β-carotene linoleic acid antioxidant activity model. The phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged from 3.5−64 mg GAE/g and 1.25−28 mg CE/g DW, respectively. The LC<sub>50</sub> values of the cytotoxicity assay ranged from 0.015−5622 µg/mL. GC-MS analysis revealed a rich pool (94−198) of bioactive compounds including dotriacontane, benzothiazole, heptacosane, bumetrizole, phthalic acid, stigmasterol, hexanoic acid and eicosanoic acid, which were common to the four plants. The current findings provide some degree of scientific evidence supporting the use of these four plants in folk medicine. However, the plants with high cytotoxicity need to be used with caution. |
topic |
antioxidant antibacterial antifungal flavonoids minimum inhibitory concentration phenols gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/8/9/350 |
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