| Summary: | The vast majority of industrial chemical synthesis occurs in organic solution. Solute concentration and solvent recovery consume ~50% of the energy required to produce chemicals and pose problems that are as relevant as the synthesis process itself. Separation and purification processes often involve a phase change and, as such, they are highly energy-intensive. However, novel, energy-efficient technologies based on polymer membranes are emerging as a viable alternative to thermal processes. Despite organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) could revolutionize the chemical, petrochemical, food and pharmaceutical industry, its development is still in its infancy for two reasons: (i) the lack of fundamental knowledge of elemental transport phenomena in OSN membranes, and (ii) the instability of traditional polymer materials in chemically challenging environments. While the latter issue has been partially solved, the former was not addressed at all. Moreover, the few data available about solute and solvent transport in OSN membranes are often interpreted using inappropriate theoretical tools, which contributes to the spread of misleading conclusions in the literature. In this review we provide the state of the art of organic solvent nanofiltration using polymeric membranes. First, theoretical models useful to interpret experimental data are discussed and some misleading conclusions commonly reported in the literature are highlighted. Then, currently available materials are reviewed. Finally, materials that could revolutionize OSN in the future are identified. Among the possible applications of OSN, isomers separation could open a new era in chemical engineering and polymer science in the years to come.
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