Bacterial and Fungal Diversity Inside the Medieval Building Constructed with Sandstone Plates and Lime Mortar as an Example of the Microbial Colonization of a Nutrient-Limited Extreme Environment (Wawel Royal Castle, Krakow, Poland)
Biodeterioration is a serious threat to cultural heritage objects and buildings. The deterioration of a given material often incurs irreparable losses in terms of uniqueness and historical value. Hence preventive actions should be taken. One important challenge is to identify microbes involved in th...
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doaj-28303e88d81743beb7f7ca5fdc033b782020-11-25T02:36:26ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072019-10-0171041610.3390/microorganisms7100416microorganisms7100416Bacterial and Fungal Diversity Inside the Medieval Building Constructed with Sandstone Plates and Lime Mortar as an Example of the Microbial Colonization of a Nutrient-Limited Extreme Environment (Wawel Royal Castle, Krakow, Poland)Magdalena Dyda0Adam Pyzik1Ewa Wilkojc2Beata Kwiatkowska-Kopka3Aleksandra Sklodowska4Research and Development for Life Sciences Ltd., 02-096 Warsaw, PolandResearch and Development for Life Sciences Ltd., 02-096 Warsaw, PolandWawel Royal Castle, 31-001 Krakow, PolandWawel Royal Castle, 31-001 Krakow, PolandUniversity of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, 02-096 Warsaw, PolandBiodeterioration is a serious threat to cultural heritage objects and buildings. The deterioration of a given material often incurs irreparable losses in terms of uniqueness and historical value. Hence preventive actions should be taken. One important challenge is to identify microbes involved in the biodeterioration process. In this study, we analyzed the microbial diversity of an ancient architectonical structure of the Rotunda of Sts. Felix and Adauctus, which is a part of the Wawel Royal Castle located in Krakow, Poland. The Rotunda is unavailable to tourists and could be treated as an extreme habitat due to the low content of nutrients coming either from sandstone plates bound with lime mortar or air movement. Microbial diversity was analyzed with the use of the high-throughput sequencing of marker genes corresponding to fragments of 16S rDNA (for Bacteria) and ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer 2) (for Fungi). The results showed that the microbial community adhered to wall surfaces is, to a large extent, endemic. Furthermore, alongside many microorganisms that could be destructive to masonry and mortar (e.g., <i>Pseudomonas</i>, <i>Aspergillus</i>), there were also bacteria, such as species of genera <i>Bacillus</i>, <i>Paenisporosarcina</i>, and <i>Amycolatopsis</i>, that can positively affect wall surface properties by reducing the damage caused by the presence of other microorganisms. We also showed that airborne microorganisms probably have little impact on the biodeterioration process as their abundance in the microbial community adhered to the ancient walls was very low.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/10/416microbial diversityhigh-throughput sequencingsandstonelime mortarlimited nutrient conditionsextreme environmentbiodeterioration |
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DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Magdalena Dyda Adam Pyzik Ewa Wilkojc Beata Kwiatkowska-Kopka Aleksandra Sklodowska |
spellingShingle |
Magdalena Dyda Adam Pyzik Ewa Wilkojc Beata Kwiatkowska-Kopka Aleksandra Sklodowska Bacterial and Fungal Diversity Inside the Medieval Building Constructed with Sandstone Plates and Lime Mortar as an Example of the Microbial Colonization of a Nutrient-Limited Extreme Environment (Wawel Royal Castle, Krakow, Poland) Microorganisms microbial diversity high-throughput sequencing sandstone lime mortar limited nutrient conditions extreme environment biodeterioration |
author_facet |
Magdalena Dyda Adam Pyzik Ewa Wilkojc Beata Kwiatkowska-Kopka Aleksandra Sklodowska |
author_sort |
Magdalena Dyda |
title |
Bacterial and Fungal Diversity Inside the Medieval Building Constructed with Sandstone Plates and Lime Mortar as an Example of the Microbial Colonization of a Nutrient-Limited Extreme Environment (Wawel Royal Castle, Krakow, Poland) |
title_short |
Bacterial and Fungal Diversity Inside the Medieval Building Constructed with Sandstone Plates and Lime Mortar as an Example of the Microbial Colonization of a Nutrient-Limited Extreme Environment (Wawel Royal Castle, Krakow, Poland) |
title_full |
Bacterial and Fungal Diversity Inside the Medieval Building Constructed with Sandstone Plates and Lime Mortar as an Example of the Microbial Colonization of a Nutrient-Limited Extreme Environment (Wawel Royal Castle, Krakow, Poland) |
title_fullStr |
Bacterial and Fungal Diversity Inside the Medieval Building Constructed with Sandstone Plates and Lime Mortar as an Example of the Microbial Colonization of a Nutrient-Limited Extreme Environment (Wawel Royal Castle, Krakow, Poland) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Bacterial and Fungal Diversity Inside the Medieval Building Constructed with Sandstone Plates and Lime Mortar as an Example of the Microbial Colonization of a Nutrient-Limited Extreme Environment (Wawel Royal Castle, Krakow, Poland) |
title_sort |
bacterial and fungal diversity inside the medieval building constructed with sandstone plates and lime mortar as an example of the microbial colonization of a nutrient-limited extreme environment (wawel royal castle, krakow, poland) |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Microorganisms |
issn |
2076-2607 |
publishDate |
2019-10-01 |
description |
Biodeterioration is a serious threat to cultural heritage objects and buildings. The deterioration of a given material often incurs irreparable losses in terms of uniqueness and historical value. Hence preventive actions should be taken. One important challenge is to identify microbes involved in the biodeterioration process. In this study, we analyzed the microbial diversity of an ancient architectonical structure of the Rotunda of Sts. Felix and Adauctus, which is a part of the Wawel Royal Castle located in Krakow, Poland. The Rotunda is unavailable to tourists and could be treated as an extreme habitat due to the low content of nutrients coming either from sandstone plates bound with lime mortar or air movement. Microbial diversity was analyzed with the use of the high-throughput sequencing of marker genes corresponding to fragments of 16S rDNA (for Bacteria) and ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer 2) (for Fungi). The results showed that the microbial community adhered to wall surfaces is, to a large extent, endemic. Furthermore, alongside many microorganisms that could be destructive to masonry and mortar (e.g., <i>Pseudomonas</i>, <i>Aspergillus</i>), there were also bacteria, such as species of genera <i>Bacillus</i>, <i>Paenisporosarcina</i>, and <i>Amycolatopsis</i>, that can positively affect wall surface properties by reducing the damage caused by the presence of other microorganisms. We also showed that airborne microorganisms probably have little impact on the biodeterioration process as their abundance in the microbial community adhered to the ancient walls was very low. |
topic |
microbial diversity high-throughput sequencing sandstone lime mortar limited nutrient conditions extreme environment biodeterioration |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/10/416 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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