Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease
Neutrophils are primary effector cells of innate immunity and fight infection by phagocytosis and degranulation. Activated neutrophils also release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to a variety of stimuli. These NETs are net-like complexes composed of cell-free DNA, histones and neu...
Main Authors: | , , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-01-01
|
Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/559 |
id |
doaj-28485c98bb1846afaecc114147ec18f9 |
---|---|
record_format |
Article |
spelling |
doaj-28485c98bb1846afaecc114147ec18f92021-01-09T00:01:14ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-01-012255955910.3390/ijms22020559Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Inflammatory DiseaseJohannes Klopf0Christine Brostjan1Wolf Eilenberg2Christoph Neumayer3Division of Vascular Surgery and Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, AustriaDivision of Vascular Surgery and Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, AustriaDivision of Vascular Surgery and Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, AustriaDivision of Vascular Surgery and Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, AustriaNeutrophils are primary effector cells of innate immunity and fight infection by phagocytosis and degranulation. Activated neutrophils also release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to a variety of stimuli. These NETs are net-like complexes composed of cell-free DNA, histones and neutrophil granule proteins. Besides the evolutionarily conserved mechanism to capture and eliminate pathogens, NETs are also associated with pathophysiological processes of various diseases. Here, we elucidate the mechanisms of NET formation and their different implications in disease. We focused on autoinflammatory and cardiovascular disorders as the leading cause of death. Neutrophil extracellular traps are not only present in various cardiovascular diseases but play an essential role in atherosclerotic plaque formation, arterial and venous thrombosis, as well as in the development and progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Furthermore, NETosis can be considered as a source of autoantigens and maintains an inflammatory milieu promoting autoimmune diseases. Indeed, there is further need for research into the balance between NET induction, inhibition, and degradation in order to pharmacologically target NETs and their compounds without impairing the patient’s immune defense. This review may be of interest to both basic scientists and clinicians to stimulate translational research and innovative clinical approaches.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/559neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)neutrophilscardiovascular diseasesinflammationautoimmunityatherosclerosis |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Johannes Klopf Christine Brostjan Wolf Eilenberg Christoph Neumayer |
spellingShingle |
Johannes Klopf Christine Brostjan Wolf Eilenberg Christoph Neumayer Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease International Journal of Molecular Sciences neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) neutrophils cardiovascular diseases inflammation autoimmunity atherosclerosis |
author_facet |
Johannes Klopf Christine Brostjan Wolf Eilenberg Christoph Neumayer |
author_sort |
Johannes Klopf |
title |
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease |
title_short |
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease |
title_full |
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease |
title_fullStr |
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease |
title_full_unstemmed |
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease |
title_sort |
neutrophil extracellular traps and their implications in cardiovascular and inflammatory disease |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1661-6596 1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2021-01-01 |
description |
Neutrophils are primary effector cells of innate immunity and fight infection by phagocytosis and degranulation. Activated neutrophils also release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to a variety of stimuli. These NETs are net-like complexes composed of cell-free DNA, histones and neutrophil granule proteins. Besides the evolutionarily conserved mechanism to capture and eliminate pathogens, NETs are also associated with pathophysiological processes of various diseases. Here, we elucidate the mechanisms of NET formation and their different implications in disease. We focused on autoinflammatory and cardiovascular disorders as the leading cause of death. Neutrophil extracellular traps are not only present in various cardiovascular diseases but play an essential role in atherosclerotic plaque formation, arterial and venous thrombosis, as well as in the development and progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Furthermore, NETosis can be considered as a source of autoantigens and maintains an inflammatory milieu promoting autoimmune diseases. Indeed, there is further need for research into the balance between NET induction, inhibition, and degradation in order to pharmacologically target NETs and their compounds without impairing the patient’s immune defense. This review may be of interest to both basic scientists and clinicians to stimulate translational research and innovative clinical approaches. |
topic |
neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) neutrophils cardiovascular diseases inflammation autoimmunity atherosclerosis |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/559 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT johannesklopf neutrophilextracellulartrapsandtheirimplicationsincardiovascularandinflammatorydisease AT christinebrostjan neutrophilextracellulartrapsandtheirimplicationsincardiovascularandinflammatorydisease AT wolfeilenberg neutrophilextracellulartrapsandtheirimplicationsincardiovascularandinflammatorydisease AT christophneumayer neutrophilextracellulartrapsandtheirimplicationsincardiovascularandinflammatorydisease |
_version_ |
1724344284155478016 |