Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Short Title: COVID-19 Survival and Cost in Saudi Arabia)

Objectives: Assess the survival of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients across age groups, sex, use of mechanical ventilators (MVs), nationality, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Data were retrieved from the Saudi Ministry of Healt...

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Main Authors: Anas A. Khan, Yazed AlRuthia, Bander Balkhi, Sultan M. Alghadeer, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Saqer M. Althunayyan, Yousef M. Alsofayan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2020-10-01
Series:International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/20/7458
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spelling doaj-2860dda885f14cf1a34905a6f27c2be72020-11-25T01:53:21ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1661-78271660-46012020-10-01177458745810.3390/ijerph17207458Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Short Title: COVID-19 Survival and Cost in Saudi Arabia)Anas A. Khan0Yazed AlRuthia1Bander Balkhi2Sultan M. Alghadeer3Mohamad-Hani Temsah4Saqer M. Althunayyan5Yousef M. Alsofayan6Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaCollege of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Accident and Trauma, Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz College for Emergency Medical Services, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaGlobal Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaObjectives: Assess the survival of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients across age groups, sex, use of mechanical ventilators (MVs), nationality, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Data were retrieved from the Saudi Ministry of Health (MoH) between 1 March and 29 May 2020. Kaplan–Meier (KM) analyses and multiple Cox proportional-hazards regression were conducted to assess the survival of hospitalized COVID-19 patients from hospital admission to discharge (censored) or death. Micro-costing was used to estimate the direct medical costs associated with hospitalization per patient. Results: The number of included patients with complete status (discharge or death) was 1422. The overall 14-day survival was 0.699 (95%CI: 0.652–0.741). Older adults (>70 years) (HR = 5.00, 95%CI = 2.83–8.91), patients on MVs (5.39, 3.83–7.64), non-Saudi patients (1.37, 1.01–1.89), and ICU admission (2.09, 1.49–2.93) were associated with a high risk of mortality. The mean cost per patient (in SAR) for those admitted to the general Medical Ward (GMW) and ICU was 42,704.49 ± 29,811.25 and 79,418.30 ± 55,647.69, respectively. Conclusion: The high hospitalization costs for COVID-19 patients represents is a significant public health challenge. Efficient allocation of healthcare resources cannot be emphasized enough.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/20/7458COVID-19hospitalizationmortalityhealth care costsSaudi Arabia
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Anas A. Khan
Yazed AlRuthia
Bander Balkhi
Sultan M. Alghadeer
Mohamad-Hani Temsah
Saqer M. Althunayyan
Yousef M. Alsofayan
spellingShingle Anas A. Khan
Yazed AlRuthia
Bander Balkhi
Sultan M. Alghadeer
Mohamad-Hani Temsah
Saqer M. Althunayyan
Yousef M. Alsofayan
Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Short Title: COVID-19 Survival and Cost in Saudi Arabia)
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
COVID-19
hospitalization
mortality
health care costs
Saudi Arabia
author_facet Anas A. Khan
Yazed AlRuthia
Bander Balkhi
Sultan M. Alghadeer
Mohamad-Hani Temsah
Saqer M. Althunayyan
Yousef M. Alsofayan
author_sort Anas A. Khan
title Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Short Title: COVID-19 Survival and Cost in Saudi Arabia)
title_short Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Short Title: COVID-19 Survival and Cost in Saudi Arabia)
title_full Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Short Title: COVID-19 Survival and Cost in Saudi Arabia)
title_fullStr Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Short Title: COVID-19 Survival and Cost in Saudi Arabia)
title_full_unstemmed Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Short Title: COVID-19 Survival and Cost in Saudi Arabia)
title_sort survival and estimation of direct medical costs of hospitalized covid-19 patients in the kingdom of saudi arabia (short title: covid-19 survival and cost in saudi arabia)
publisher MDPI AG
series International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
issn 1661-7827
1660-4601
publishDate 2020-10-01
description Objectives: Assess the survival of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients across age groups, sex, use of mechanical ventilators (MVs), nationality, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Data were retrieved from the Saudi Ministry of Health (MoH) between 1 March and 29 May 2020. Kaplan–Meier (KM) analyses and multiple Cox proportional-hazards regression were conducted to assess the survival of hospitalized COVID-19 patients from hospital admission to discharge (censored) or death. Micro-costing was used to estimate the direct medical costs associated with hospitalization per patient. Results: The number of included patients with complete status (discharge or death) was 1422. The overall 14-day survival was 0.699 (95%CI: 0.652–0.741). Older adults (>70 years) (HR = 5.00, 95%CI = 2.83–8.91), patients on MVs (5.39, 3.83–7.64), non-Saudi patients (1.37, 1.01–1.89), and ICU admission (2.09, 1.49–2.93) were associated with a high risk of mortality. The mean cost per patient (in SAR) for those admitted to the general Medical Ward (GMW) and ICU was 42,704.49 ± 29,811.25 and 79,418.30 ± 55,647.69, respectively. Conclusion: The high hospitalization costs for COVID-19 patients represents is a significant public health challenge. Efficient allocation of healthcare resources cannot be emphasized enough.
topic COVID-19
hospitalization
mortality
health care costs
Saudi Arabia
url https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/20/7458
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