Visibility Parameter in Sand/Dust Storms’ Radio Wave Attenuation Equations: An Approach for Reliable Visibility Estimation Based on Existing Empirical Equations to Minimize Potential Biases in Calculations
In efforts to structure an expression for wave attenuation under a sand/dust storm, most established calculations pronounce optical visibility as an essential parameter. Although visibility information can be retrieved from weather stations, other commonly encountered sources may present it differen...
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doaj-28aad9351a874620bb963357940776712020-11-25T03:05:40ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172020-10-01107530753010.3390/app10217530Visibility Parameter in Sand/Dust Storms’ Radio Wave Attenuation Equations: An Approach for Reliable Visibility Estimation Based on Existing Empirical Equations to Minimize Potential Biases in CalculationsHamzah N. Mahmood0Widad Ismail1Auto ID Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, MalaysiaAuto ID Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, MalaysiaIn efforts to structure an expression for wave attenuation under a sand/dust storm, most established calculations pronounce optical visibility as an essential parameter. Although visibility information can be retrieved from weather stations, other commonly encountered sources may present it differently, i.e., as total suspended particles (TSP). Consequently, several empirical equations linking visibility to TSP concentrations were evaluated to address offset tendencies in estimations. In addition to substantiating specific equations, the results revealed that averaging a pair of equations has a 46.09% chance of estimating visibilities with a probability of 37.27%, a relatively low error compared to that achieved by employing single equations, which were found to have a probability of 28.93% with a lesser chance (29.58%) of a low estimation error for the same set of data. The resulting enhancement was evaluated by considering a study on a wireless sensor network’s (WSN’s) signal performance under vaguely labelled meteorological conditions. The meteorological conditions were converted to visibility using the results’ suggestions and were found to be in good agreement with an observation standard set by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) for sand/dust storm outbreak classifications.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/21/7530sand/dust storm (SDS)signal attenuationvisibilitytotal suspended particles (TSP) |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Hamzah N. Mahmood Widad Ismail |
spellingShingle |
Hamzah N. Mahmood Widad Ismail Visibility Parameter in Sand/Dust Storms’ Radio Wave Attenuation Equations: An Approach for Reliable Visibility Estimation Based on Existing Empirical Equations to Minimize Potential Biases in Calculations Applied Sciences sand/dust storm (SDS) signal attenuation visibility total suspended particles (TSP) |
author_facet |
Hamzah N. Mahmood Widad Ismail |
author_sort |
Hamzah N. Mahmood |
title |
Visibility Parameter in Sand/Dust Storms’ Radio Wave Attenuation Equations: An Approach for Reliable Visibility Estimation Based on Existing Empirical Equations to Minimize Potential Biases in Calculations |
title_short |
Visibility Parameter in Sand/Dust Storms’ Radio Wave Attenuation Equations: An Approach for Reliable Visibility Estimation Based on Existing Empirical Equations to Minimize Potential Biases in Calculations |
title_full |
Visibility Parameter in Sand/Dust Storms’ Radio Wave Attenuation Equations: An Approach for Reliable Visibility Estimation Based on Existing Empirical Equations to Minimize Potential Biases in Calculations |
title_fullStr |
Visibility Parameter in Sand/Dust Storms’ Radio Wave Attenuation Equations: An Approach for Reliable Visibility Estimation Based on Existing Empirical Equations to Minimize Potential Biases in Calculations |
title_full_unstemmed |
Visibility Parameter in Sand/Dust Storms’ Radio Wave Attenuation Equations: An Approach for Reliable Visibility Estimation Based on Existing Empirical Equations to Minimize Potential Biases in Calculations |
title_sort |
visibility parameter in sand/dust storms’ radio wave attenuation equations: an approach for reliable visibility estimation based on existing empirical equations to minimize potential biases in calculations |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Applied Sciences |
issn |
2076-3417 |
publishDate |
2020-10-01 |
description |
In efforts to structure an expression for wave attenuation under a sand/dust storm, most established calculations pronounce optical visibility as an essential parameter. Although visibility information can be retrieved from weather stations, other commonly encountered sources may present it differently, i.e., as total suspended particles (TSP). Consequently, several empirical equations linking visibility to TSP concentrations were evaluated to address offset tendencies in estimations. In addition to substantiating specific equations, the results revealed that averaging a pair of equations has a 46.09% chance of estimating visibilities with a probability of 37.27%, a relatively low error compared to that achieved by employing single equations, which were found to have a probability of 28.93% with a lesser chance (29.58%) of a low estimation error for the same set of data. The resulting enhancement was evaluated by considering a study on a wireless sensor network’s (WSN’s) signal performance under vaguely labelled meteorological conditions. The meteorological conditions were converted to visibility using the results’ suggestions and were found to be in good agreement with an observation standard set by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) for sand/dust storm outbreak classifications. |
topic |
sand/dust storm (SDS) signal attenuation visibility total suspended particles (TSP) |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/21/7530 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT hamzahnmahmood visibilityparameterinsandduststormsradiowaveattenuationequationsanapproachforreliablevisibilityestimationbasedonexistingempiricalequationstominimizepotentialbiasesincalculations AT widadismail visibilityparameterinsandduststormsradiowaveattenuationequationsanapproachforreliablevisibilityestimationbasedonexistingempiricalequationstominimizepotentialbiasesincalculations |
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