Towards Long-Term Multi-Hop WSN Deployments for Environmental Monitoring: An Experimental Network Evaluation
This paper explores the network performance and costs associated with the deployment, labor, and maintenance of a long-term outdoor multi-hop wireless sensor network (WSN) located at the Audubon Society of Western Pennsylvania (ASWP), which has been in operation for more than four years for environm...
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doaj-28b78d1135244b0eaccd21972fbb517a2020-11-24T23:21:35ZengMDPI AGJournal of Sensor and Actuator Networks2224-27082014-12-013429733010.3390/jsan3040297jsan3040297Towards Long-Term Multi-Hop WSN Deployments for Environmental Monitoring: An Experimental Network EvaluationMiguel Navarro0Tyler W. Davis1German Villalba2Yimei Li3Xiaoyang Zhong4Newlyn Erratt5Xu Liang6Yao Liang7Department of Computer and Information Science, Indiana University Purdue University, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 280, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USADepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, 728 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USADepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, 728 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USADepartment of Computer and Information Science, Indiana University Purdue University, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 280, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USADepartment of Computer and Information Science, Indiana University Purdue University, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 280, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USADepartment of Computer and Information Science, Indiana University Purdue University, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 280, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USADepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, 728 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USADepartment of Computer and Information Science, Indiana University Purdue University, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 280, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USAThis paper explores the network performance and costs associated with the deployment, labor, and maintenance of a long-term outdoor multi-hop wireless sensor network (WSN) located at the Audubon Society of Western Pennsylvania (ASWP), which has been in operation for more than four years for environmental data collection. The WSN performance is studied over selected time periods during the network deployment time, based on two different TinyOS-based WSN routing protocols: commercial XMesh and the open-source Collection Tree Protocol (CTP). Empirical results show that the network performance is improved with CTP (i.e., 79% packet reception rate, 96% packet success rate and 0.2% duplicate packets), versus using XMesh (i.e., 36% packet reception rate and 46% packet success rate, with 3%–4% duplicate packets). The deployment cost of the 52-node, 253-sensor WSN is $31,500 with an additional $600 per month in labor and maintenance resulting in a cost of $184 m−2·y−1 of sensed area. Network maintenance during the first four years of operation was performed on average every 12 days, costing approximately $187 for each field visit.http://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/3/4/297wireless sensor networkstestbedlong-term deploymentnetwork performancenetwork costsenvironmental monitoring |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Miguel Navarro Tyler W. Davis German Villalba Yimei Li Xiaoyang Zhong Newlyn Erratt Xu Liang Yao Liang |
spellingShingle |
Miguel Navarro Tyler W. Davis German Villalba Yimei Li Xiaoyang Zhong Newlyn Erratt Xu Liang Yao Liang Towards Long-Term Multi-Hop WSN Deployments for Environmental Monitoring: An Experimental Network Evaluation Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks wireless sensor networks testbed long-term deployment network performance network costs environmental monitoring |
author_facet |
Miguel Navarro Tyler W. Davis German Villalba Yimei Li Xiaoyang Zhong Newlyn Erratt Xu Liang Yao Liang |
author_sort |
Miguel Navarro |
title |
Towards Long-Term Multi-Hop WSN Deployments for Environmental Monitoring: An Experimental Network Evaluation |
title_short |
Towards Long-Term Multi-Hop WSN Deployments for Environmental Monitoring: An Experimental Network Evaluation |
title_full |
Towards Long-Term Multi-Hop WSN Deployments for Environmental Monitoring: An Experimental Network Evaluation |
title_fullStr |
Towards Long-Term Multi-Hop WSN Deployments for Environmental Monitoring: An Experimental Network Evaluation |
title_full_unstemmed |
Towards Long-Term Multi-Hop WSN Deployments for Environmental Monitoring: An Experimental Network Evaluation |
title_sort |
towards long-term multi-hop wsn deployments for environmental monitoring: an experimental network evaluation |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks |
issn |
2224-2708 |
publishDate |
2014-12-01 |
description |
This paper explores the network performance and costs associated with the deployment, labor, and maintenance of a long-term outdoor multi-hop wireless sensor network (WSN) located at the Audubon Society of Western Pennsylvania (ASWP), which has been in operation for more than four years for environmental data collection. The WSN performance is studied over selected time periods during the network deployment time, based on two different TinyOS-based WSN routing protocols: commercial XMesh and the open-source Collection Tree Protocol (CTP). Empirical results show that the network performance is improved with CTP (i.e., 79% packet reception rate, 96% packet success rate and 0.2% duplicate packets), versus using XMesh (i.e., 36% packet reception rate and 46% packet success rate, with 3%–4% duplicate packets). The deployment cost of the 52-node, 253-sensor WSN is $31,500 with an additional $600 per month in labor and maintenance resulting in a cost of $184 m−2·y−1 of sensed area. Network maintenance during the first four years of operation was performed on average every 12 days, costing approximately $187 for each field visit. |
topic |
wireless sensor networks testbed long-term deployment network performance network costs environmental monitoring |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/3/4/297 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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