New Perspectives on Iron Uptake in Eukaryotes
All eukaryotic organisms require iron to function. Malfunctions within iron homeostasis have a range of physiological consequences, and can lead to the development of pathological conditions that can result in an excess of non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI). Despite extensive understanding of iron ho...
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doaj-296b881b1b2949bfa661ee09447885f92020-11-25T00:03:39ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences2296-889X2018-11-01510.3389/fmolb.2018.00097410031New Perspectives on Iron Uptake in EukaryotesHarry G. Sherman0Carolyn Jovanovic1Snow Stolnik2Kim Baronian3Alison J. Downard4Frankie J. Rawson5Division of Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United KingdomWalgreens Boots Alliance, Nottingham, United KingdomDivision of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United KingdomSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New ZealandMacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New ZealandDivision of Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United KingdomAll eukaryotic organisms require iron to function. Malfunctions within iron homeostasis have a range of physiological consequences, and can lead to the development of pathological conditions that can result in an excess of non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI). Despite extensive understanding of iron homeostasis, the links between the “macroscopic” transport of iron across biological barriers (cellular membranes) and the chemistry of redox changes that drive these processes still needs elucidating. This review draws conclusions from the current literature, and describes some of the underlying biophysical and biochemical processes that occur in iron homeostasis. By first taking a broad view of iron uptake within the gut and subsequent delivery to tissues, in addition to describing the transferrin and non-transferrin mediated components of these processes, we provide a base of knowledge from which we further explore NTBI uptake. We provide concise up-to-date information of the transplasma electron transport systems (tPMETSs) involved within NTBI uptake, and highlight how these systems are not only involved within NTBI uptake for detoxification but also may play a role within the reduction of metabolic stress through regeneration of intracellular NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ levels. Furthermore, we illuminate the thermodynamics that governs iron transport, namely the redox potential cascade and electrochemical behavior of key components of the electron transport systems that facilitate the movement of electrons across the plasma membrane to the extracellular compartment. We also take account of kinetic changes that occur to transport iron into the cell, namely membrane dipole change and their consequent effects within membrane structure that act to facilitate transport of ions.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmolb.2018.00097/fullirontransplasma membrane electron transport systems (tPMETS)plasma membrane oxidoreductase systemredoxnon-transferrin bound ironelectron transfer |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Harry G. Sherman Carolyn Jovanovic Snow Stolnik Kim Baronian Alison J. Downard Frankie J. Rawson |
spellingShingle |
Harry G. Sherman Carolyn Jovanovic Snow Stolnik Kim Baronian Alison J. Downard Frankie J. Rawson New Perspectives on Iron Uptake in Eukaryotes Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences iron transplasma membrane electron transport systems (tPMETS) plasma membrane oxidoreductase system redox non-transferrin bound iron electron transfer |
author_facet |
Harry G. Sherman Carolyn Jovanovic Snow Stolnik Kim Baronian Alison J. Downard Frankie J. Rawson |
author_sort |
Harry G. Sherman |
title |
New Perspectives on Iron Uptake in Eukaryotes |
title_short |
New Perspectives on Iron Uptake in Eukaryotes |
title_full |
New Perspectives on Iron Uptake in Eukaryotes |
title_fullStr |
New Perspectives on Iron Uptake in Eukaryotes |
title_full_unstemmed |
New Perspectives on Iron Uptake in Eukaryotes |
title_sort |
new perspectives on iron uptake in eukaryotes |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences |
issn |
2296-889X |
publishDate |
2018-11-01 |
description |
All eukaryotic organisms require iron to function. Malfunctions within iron homeostasis have a range of physiological consequences, and can lead to the development of pathological conditions that can result in an excess of non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI). Despite extensive understanding of iron homeostasis, the links between the “macroscopic” transport of iron across biological barriers (cellular membranes) and the chemistry of redox changes that drive these processes still needs elucidating. This review draws conclusions from the current literature, and describes some of the underlying biophysical and biochemical processes that occur in iron homeostasis. By first taking a broad view of iron uptake within the gut and subsequent delivery to tissues, in addition to describing the transferrin and non-transferrin mediated components of these processes, we provide a base of knowledge from which we further explore NTBI uptake. We provide concise up-to-date information of the transplasma electron transport systems (tPMETSs) involved within NTBI uptake, and highlight how these systems are not only involved within NTBI uptake for detoxification but also may play a role within the reduction of metabolic stress through regeneration of intracellular NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ levels. Furthermore, we illuminate the thermodynamics that governs iron transport, namely the redox potential cascade and electrochemical behavior of key components of the electron transport systems that facilitate the movement of electrons across the plasma membrane to the extracellular compartment. We also take account of kinetic changes that occur to transport iron into the cell, namely membrane dipole change and their consequent effects within membrane structure that act to facilitate transport of ions. |
topic |
iron transplasma membrane electron transport systems (tPMETS) plasma membrane oxidoreductase system redox non-transferrin bound iron electron transfer |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmolb.2018.00097/full |
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