Deployment Strategies of Soil Monitoring WSN for Precision Agriculture Irrigation Scheduling in Rural Areas
Deploying wireless sensor networks (WSN) in rural environments such as agricultural fields may present some challenges that affect the communication between the nodes due to the vegetation. These challenges must be addressed when implementing precision agriculture (PA) systems that monitor the field...
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doaj-2a530e6c01eb46ee83522f65c63149292021-03-02T00:04:05ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-03-01211693169310.3390/s21051693Deployment Strategies of Soil Monitoring WSN for Precision Agriculture Irrigation Scheduling in Rural AreasLaura García0Lorena Parra1Jose M. Jimenez2Mar Parra3Jaime Lloret4Pedro V. Mauri5Pascal Lorenz6Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46730 Grau de Gandia, SpainInstituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46730 Grau de Gandia, SpainInstituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46730 Grau de Gandia, SpainInstituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46730 Grau de Gandia, SpainInstituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46730 Grau de Gandia, SpainInstituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDRA), Finca “El Encin”, A-2, Km 38, 2, 28800 Alcalá de Henares, SpainNetwork and Telecommunication Research Group, University of Haute Alsace, 34 rue du Grillenbreit, 68008 Colmar, FranceDeploying wireless sensor networks (WSN) in rural environments such as agricultural fields may present some challenges that affect the communication between the nodes due to the vegetation. These challenges must be addressed when implementing precision agriculture (PA) systems that monitor the fields and estimate irrigation requirements with the gathered data. In this paper, different WSN deployment configurations for a soil monitoring PA system are studied to identify the effects of the rural environment on the signal and to identify the key aspects to consider when designing a PA wireless network. The PA system is described, providing the architecture, the node design, and the algorithm that determines the irrigation requirements. The testbed includes different types of vegetation and on-ground, near-ground, and above-ground ESP32 Wi-Fi node placements. The results of the testbed show high variability in densely vegetated areas. These results are analyzed to determine the theoretical maximum coverage for acceptable signal quality for each of the studied configurations. The best coverage was obtained for the near-ground deployment. Lastly, the aspects of the rural environment and the deployment that affect the signal such as node height, crop type, foliage density, or the form of irrigation are discussed.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1693WSN deploymentorange orchardsWiFirural areasESP32attenuation |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Laura García Lorena Parra Jose M. Jimenez Mar Parra Jaime Lloret Pedro V. Mauri Pascal Lorenz |
spellingShingle |
Laura García Lorena Parra Jose M. Jimenez Mar Parra Jaime Lloret Pedro V. Mauri Pascal Lorenz Deployment Strategies of Soil Monitoring WSN for Precision Agriculture Irrigation Scheduling in Rural Areas Sensors WSN deployment orange orchards WiFi rural areas ESP32 attenuation |
author_facet |
Laura García Lorena Parra Jose M. Jimenez Mar Parra Jaime Lloret Pedro V. Mauri Pascal Lorenz |
author_sort |
Laura García |
title |
Deployment Strategies of Soil Monitoring WSN for Precision Agriculture Irrigation Scheduling in Rural Areas |
title_short |
Deployment Strategies of Soil Monitoring WSN for Precision Agriculture Irrigation Scheduling in Rural Areas |
title_full |
Deployment Strategies of Soil Monitoring WSN for Precision Agriculture Irrigation Scheduling in Rural Areas |
title_fullStr |
Deployment Strategies of Soil Monitoring WSN for Precision Agriculture Irrigation Scheduling in Rural Areas |
title_full_unstemmed |
Deployment Strategies of Soil Monitoring WSN for Precision Agriculture Irrigation Scheduling in Rural Areas |
title_sort |
deployment strategies of soil monitoring wsn for precision agriculture irrigation scheduling in rural areas |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Sensors |
issn |
1424-8220 |
publishDate |
2021-03-01 |
description |
Deploying wireless sensor networks (WSN) in rural environments such as agricultural fields may present some challenges that affect the communication between the nodes due to the vegetation. These challenges must be addressed when implementing precision agriculture (PA) systems that monitor the fields and estimate irrigation requirements with the gathered data. In this paper, different WSN deployment configurations for a soil monitoring PA system are studied to identify the effects of the rural environment on the signal and to identify the key aspects to consider when designing a PA wireless network. The PA system is described, providing the architecture, the node design, and the algorithm that determines the irrigation requirements. The testbed includes different types of vegetation and on-ground, near-ground, and above-ground ESP32 Wi-Fi node placements. The results of the testbed show high variability in densely vegetated areas. These results are analyzed to determine the theoretical maximum coverage for acceptable signal quality for each of the studied configurations. The best coverage was obtained for the near-ground deployment. Lastly, the aspects of the rural environment and the deployment that affect the signal such as node height, crop type, foliage density, or the form of irrigation are discussed. |
topic |
WSN deployment orange orchards WiFi rural areas ESP32 attenuation |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1693 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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