Degradation of Ketamine and Methamphetamine by the UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> System: Kinetics, Mechanisms and Comparison
The illegal use and low biodegradability of psychoactive substances has led to their introduction to the natural water environment, causing potential harm to ecosystems and human health. This paper compared the reaction kinetics and degradation mechanisms of ketamine (KET) and methamphetamine (METH)...
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doaj-2ce38383d0e64d61a952bfc41d83c47f2020-11-25T03:52:06ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412020-10-01122999299910.3390/w12112999Degradation of Ketamine and Methamphetamine by the UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> System: Kinetics, Mechanisms and ComparisonDe-Ming Gu0Chang-Sheng Guo1Qi-Yan Feng2Heng Zhang3Jian Xu4Center for Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaCenter for Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaSchool of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, ChinaCenter for Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaCenter for Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaThe illegal use and low biodegradability of psychoactive substances has led to their introduction to the natural water environment, causing potential harm to ecosystems and human health. This paper compared the reaction kinetics and degradation mechanisms of ketamine (KET) and methamphetamine (METH) by UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Results indicated that the degradation of KET and METH using UV or H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> alone was negligible. UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> had a strong synergizing effect, which could effectively remove 99% of KET and METH (100 μg/L) within 120 and 60 min, respectively. Their degradation was fully consistent with pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.99). Based on competition kinetics, the rate constants of the hydroxyl radical with KET and METH were calculated to be 4.43 × 10<sup>9</sup> and 7.91 × 10<sup>9</sup> M<sup>−1</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The apparent rate constants of KET and METH increased respectively from 0.001 to 0.027 and 0.049 min<sup>−1</sup> with the initial H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> dosage ranging from 0 to 1000 μM at pH 7. Their degradation was significantly inhibited by HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and humic acid, with Cl<sup>−</sup> having relatively little effect on the degradation of KET. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the reaction intermediates, based on which the possible degradation pathways were proposed. These promising results clearly demonstrated the potential of the UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> process for the effective removal of KET and METH from contaminated wastewater.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/11/2999ketaminemethamphetamineUV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>degradation kineticsreaction intermediates |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
De-Ming Gu Chang-Sheng Guo Qi-Yan Feng Heng Zhang Jian Xu |
spellingShingle |
De-Ming Gu Chang-Sheng Guo Qi-Yan Feng Heng Zhang Jian Xu Degradation of Ketamine and Methamphetamine by the UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> System: Kinetics, Mechanisms and Comparison Water ketamine methamphetamine UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> degradation kinetics reaction intermediates |
author_facet |
De-Ming Gu Chang-Sheng Guo Qi-Yan Feng Heng Zhang Jian Xu |
author_sort |
De-Ming Gu |
title |
Degradation of Ketamine and Methamphetamine by the UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> System: Kinetics, Mechanisms and Comparison |
title_short |
Degradation of Ketamine and Methamphetamine by the UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> System: Kinetics, Mechanisms and Comparison |
title_full |
Degradation of Ketamine and Methamphetamine by the UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> System: Kinetics, Mechanisms and Comparison |
title_fullStr |
Degradation of Ketamine and Methamphetamine by the UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> System: Kinetics, Mechanisms and Comparison |
title_full_unstemmed |
Degradation of Ketamine and Methamphetamine by the UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> System: Kinetics, Mechanisms and Comparison |
title_sort |
degradation of ketamine and methamphetamine by the uv/h<sub>2</sub>o<sub>2</sub> system: kinetics, mechanisms and comparison |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Water |
issn |
2073-4441 |
publishDate |
2020-10-01 |
description |
The illegal use and low biodegradability of psychoactive substances has led to their introduction to the natural water environment, causing potential harm to ecosystems and human health. This paper compared the reaction kinetics and degradation mechanisms of ketamine (KET) and methamphetamine (METH) by UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Results indicated that the degradation of KET and METH using UV or H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> alone was negligible. UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> had a strong synergizing effect, which could effectively remove 99% of KET and METH (100 μg/L) within 120 and 60 min, respectively. Their degradation was fully consistent with pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.99). Based on competition kinetics, the rate constants of the hydroxyl radical with KET and METH were calculated to be 4.43 × 10<sup>9</sup> and 7.91 × 10<sup>9</sup> M<sup>−1</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The apparent rate constants of KET and METH increased respectively from 0.001 to 0.027 and 0.049 min<sup>−1</sup> with the initial H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> dosage ranging from 0 to 1000 μM at pH 7. Their degradation was significantly inhibited by HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and humic acid, with Cl<sup>−</sup> having relatively little effect on the degradation of KET. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the reaction intermediates, based on which the possible degradation pathways were proposed. These promising results clearly demonstrated the potential of the UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> process for the effective removal of KET and METH from contaminated wastewater. |
topic |
ketamine methamphetamine UV/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> degradation kinetics reaction intermediates |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/11/2999 |
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