Agent-based model experiments cast doubt on Dunnell’s adaptive waste explanation for cultural elaboration

• Main Authors: W. Christopher Carleton, Brea McCauley, André Costopoulos, Mark Collard
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2019-01-01
• Series: Science and Technology of Archaeological Research
• Subjects: monuments; cultural elaboration; waste hypothesis; environmental variability; agent-based modelling; evolutionary archaeology
• Online Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20548923.2019.1647648

Ancient monuments are puzzling from an evolutionary perspective. It is obvious that their construction would have been costly in terms of energy, but it is not clear how they would have enhanced reproductive success. In the late 1980s, Robert Dunnell proposed a solution to this conundrum. He argued that wasting energy on monuments and other forms of what he called “cultural elaboration” was adaptive in highly variable environments. Here, we report a study in which we used an agent-based model to test Dunnell’s hypothesis. We found that the propensity to waste was subject to strong negative selection regardless of the level of environmental variability. At the start of the simulation runs, agents wasted ca. 50% of the time but selection rapidly drove that rate down, ultimately settling at ca. 5–7%. This casts doubt on the ability of Dunnell’s hypothesis to explain instances of cultural elaboration in the archaeological record.