Application of a LiFePO4 Battery Energy Storage System to Primary Frequency Control: Simulations and Experimental Results

• Main Authors: Fabio Massimo Gatta, Alberto Geri, Regina Lamedica, Stefano Lauria, Marco Maccioni, Francesco Palone, Massimo Rebolini, Alessandro Ruvio
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2016-10-01
• Series: Energies
• Subjects: battery energy storage system (BESS); LiFePO4 battery; primary frequency control
• Online Access: http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/9/11/887

This paper presents an experimental application of LiFePO4 battery energy storage systems (BESSs) to primary frequency control, currently being performed by Terna, the Italian transmission system operator (TSO). BESS performance in the primary frequency control role was evaluated by means of a simplified electrical-thermal circuit model, taking into account also the BESS auxiliary consumptions, coupled with a cycle-life model, in order to assess the expected life of the BESS. Numerical simulations have been carried out considering the system response to real frequency measurements taken in Italy, spanning a whole year; a parametric study taking into account different values of governor droop and of BESS charge/discharge rates (C-rates) was also performed. Simulations, fully validated by experimental results obtained thus far, evidenced a severe trade-off between expected lifetime and overall efficiency, which significantly restricts the choice of operating parameters for frequency control.