BipD of <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i>: Structure, Functions, and Detection Methods
Melioidosis is a severe disease caused by <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i> (<i>B. pseudomallei</i>), a Gram-negative environmental bacterium. It is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, but it is underreported in many other countries. The principal routes of entry...
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doaj-2e53e234e3624b6a980277f6dd235ff12021-03-30T23:02:23ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072021-03-01971171110.3390/microorganisms9040711BipD of <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i>: Structure, Functions, and Detection MethodsKasturi Selvam0Muhammad Fazli Khalid1Khairul Mohd Fadzli Mustaffa2Azian Harun3Ismail Aziah4Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, MalaysiaInstitute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, MalaysiaInstitute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, MalaysiaDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, MalaysiaInstitute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, MalaysiaMelioidosis is a severe disease caused by <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i> (<i>B. pseudomallei</i>), a Gram-negative environmental bacterium. It is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, but it is underreported in many other countries. The principal routes of entry for <i>B. pseudomallei</i> are skin penetration, inhalation, and ingestion<i>.</i> It mainly affects immunocompromised populations, especially patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis is challenging due to its non-specific clinical manifestations, which mimic other severe infections. The culture method is considered an imperfect gold standard for the diagnosis of melioidosis due to its low sensitivity. Antibody detection has low sensitivity and specificity due to the high seropositivity among healthy people in endemic regions. Antigen detection using various proteins has been tested for the rapid determination of <i>B. pseudomallei</i>; however, it presents certain limitations in terms of its sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, this review aims to frame the present knowledge of a potential target known as the <i>Burkholderia</i> invasion protein D (BipD), including future directions for its detection using an aptamer-based sensor (aptasensor).https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/4/711melioidosisB. pseudomalleiBipDaptasensor |
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DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Kasturi Selvam Muhammad Fazli Khalid Khairul Mohd Fadzli Mustaffa Azian Harun Ismail Aziah |
spellingShingle |
Kasturi Selvam Muhammad Fazli Khalid Khairul Mohd Fadzli Mustaffa Azian Harun Ismail Aziah BipD of <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i>: Structure, Functions, and Detection Methods Microorganisms melioidosis B. pseudomallei BipD aptasensor |
author_facet |
Kasturi Selvam Muhammad Fazli Khalid Khairul Mohd Fadzli Mustaffa Azian Harun Ismail Aziah |
author_sort |
Kasturi Selvam |
title |
BipD of <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i>: Structure, Functions, and Detection Methods |
title_short |
BipD of <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i>: Structure, Functions, and Detection Methods |
title_full |
BipD of <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i>: Structure, Functions, and Detection Methods |
title_fullStr |
BipD of <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i>: Structure, Functions, and Detection Methods |
title_full_unstemmed |
BipD of <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i>: Structure, Functions, and Detection Methods |
title_sort |
bipd of <i>burkholderia pseudomallei</i>: structure, functions, and detection methods |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Microorganisms |
issn |
2076-2607 |
publishDate |
2021-03-01 |
description |
Melioidosis is a severe disease caused by <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i> (<i>B. pseudomallei</i>), a Gram-negative environmental bacterium. It is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, but it is underreported in many other countries. The principal routes of entry for <i>B. pseudomallei</i> are skin penetration, inhalation, and ingestion<i>.</i> It mainly affects immunocompromised populations, especially patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis is challenging due to its non-specific clinical manifestations, which mimic other severe infections. The culture method is considered an imperfect gold standard for the diagnosis of melioidosis due to its low sensitivity. Antibody detection has low sensitivity and specificity due to the high seropositivity among healthy people in endemic regions. Antigen detection using various proteins has been tested for the rapid determination of <i>B. pseudomallei</i>; however, it presents certain limitations in terms of its sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, this review aims to frame the present knowledge of a potential target known as the <i>Burkholderia</i> invasion protein D (BipD), including future directions for its detection using an aptamer-based sensor (aptasensor). |
topic |
melioidosis B. pseudomallei BipD aptasensor |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/4/711 |
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