First Evidence of In Vitro Effects of C6O4—A Substitute of PFOA—On Haemocytes of the Clam <i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i>
Alternative chemicals to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances have recently been introduced in various industrial processes. C6O4 (difluoro{[2,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]oxy}acetic acid) is a new surfactant and emulsifier used as a replacement for perfluorooctanoic acid...
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doaj-2e558735869e445a843c4bf9c6f94ae12021-08-26T14:24:43ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042021-08-01919119110.3390/toxics9080191First Evidence of In Vitro Effects of C6O4—A Substitute of PFOA—On Haemocytes of the Clam <i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i>Jacopo Fabrello0Francesca Targhetta1Maria Ciscato2Davide Asnicar3Ilaria Bernardini4Massimo Milan5Tomaso Patarnello6Maria Gabriella Marin7Valerio Matozzo8Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, ItalyDepartment of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, ItalyDepartment of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, ItalyDepartment of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, ItalyDepartment of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, ItalyDepartment of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, ItalyDepartment of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, ItalyDepartment of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, ItalyDepartment of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, ItalyAlternative chemicals to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances have recently been introduced in various industrial processes. C6O4 (difluoro{[2,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]oxy}acetic acid) is a new surfactant and emulsifier used as a replacement for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). From an ecotoxicological point of view, in vitro assays are useful tools for assessing the negative effects and understanding the mechanisms of action of chemicals at the cellular level. Here, we present the results of an in vitro study in which the effects of C6O4 were evaluated—for the first time—on haemocytes of the clam <i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i>. Cells were exposed to three concentrations of C6O4 (0.05, 0.5, 5 μg/mL) and the effects on haemocyte viability, haemocyte morphology, differential haemocyte count, lysosomal membrane stability, superoxide anion production, acid phosphatase, and β-glucuronidase activities, as well as on the percentage of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations were evaluated. The results demonstrated that C6O4 significantly affected haemocyte morphology, lysosomal membrane stability, hydrolytic enzyme activity, and superoxide anion production, and promoted chromosomal aberrations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study revealing the in vitro effects of C6O4, a substitute for PFOA, on haemocytes from a bivalve species.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/8/191C6O4per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substancesbivalvehaemocytein vitro assays |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Jacopo Fabrello Francesca Targhetta Maria Ciscato Davide Asnicar Ilaria Bernardini Massimo Milan Tomaso Patarnello Maria Gabriella Marin Valerio Matozzo |
spellingShingle |
Jacopo Fabrello Francesca Targhetta Maria Ciscato Davide Asnicar Ilaria Bernardini Massimo Milan Tomaso Patarnello Maria Gabriella Marin Valerio Matozzo First Evidence of In Vitro Effects of C6O4—A Substitute of PFOA—On Haemocytes of the Clam <i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i> Toxics C6O4 per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances bivalve haemocyte in vitro assays |
author_facet |
Jacopo Fabrello Francesca Targhetta Maria Ciscato Davide Asnicar Ilaria Bernardini Massimo Milan Tomaso Patarnello Maria Gabriella Marin Valerio Matozzo |
author_sort |
Jacopo Fabrello |
title |
First Evidence of In Vitro Effects of C6O4—A Substitute of PFOA—On Haemocytes of the Clam <i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i> |
title_short |
First Evidence of In Vitro Effects of C6O4—A Substitute of PFOA—On Haemocytes of the Clam <i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i> |
title_full |
First Evidence of In Vitro Effects of C6O4—A Substitute of PFOA—On Haemocytes of the Clam <i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i> |
title_fullStr |
First Evidence of In Vitro Effects of C6O4—A Substitute of PFOA—On Haemocytes of the Clam <i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i> |
title_full_unstemmed |
First Evidence of In Vitro Effects of C6O4—A Substitute of PFOA—On Haemocytes of the Clam <i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i> |
title_sort |
first evidence of in vitro effects of c6o4—a substitute of pfoa—on haemocytes of the clam <i>ruditapes philippinarum</i> |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Toxics |
issn |
2305-6304 |
publishDate |
2021-08-01 |
description |
Alternative chemicals to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances have recently been introduced in various industrial processes. C6O4 (difluoro{[2,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]oxy}acetic acid) is a new surfactant and emulsifier used as a replacement for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). From an ecotoxicological point of view, in vitro assays are useful tools for assessing the negative effects and understanding the mechanisms of action of chemicals at the cellular level. Here, we present the results of an in vitro study in which the effects of C6O4 were evaluated—for the first time—on haemocytes of the clam <i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i>. Cells were exposed to three concentrations of C6O4 (0.05, 0.5, 5 μg/mL) and the effects on haemocyte viability, haemocyte morphology, differential haemocyte count, lysosomal membrane stability, superoxide anion production, acid phosphatase, and β-glucuronidase activities, as well as on the percentage of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations were evaluated. The results demonstrated that C6O4 significantly affected haemocyte morphology, lysosomal membrane stability, hydrolytic enzyme activity, and superoxide anion production, and promoted chromosomal aberrations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study revealing the in vitro effects of C6O4, a substitute for PFOA, on haemocytes from a bivalve species. |
topic |
C6O4 per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances bivalve haemocyte in vitro assays |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/8/191 |
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