Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Cronobacter Species Isolated From Four Infant Formula Production Factories in China
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genotypic characteristics of Cronobacter isolated from powdered infant formula (PIF) manufacturing facilities and to identify a potential source of contamination. A total of 42 Cronobacter isolates (5%) were detected in 835 environmental sa...
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doaj-2e83b0a446d04e448823a0885acb49702020-11-25T01:21:14ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2019-08-011010.3389/fmicb.2019.01938469769Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Cronobacter Species Isolated From Four Infant Formula Production Factories in ChinaYan Lu0Yan Lu1Peng Liu2Changguo Li3Miao Sha4Jingquan Fang5Jingwen Gao6Xiaoxi Xu7Karl R. Matthews8College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, ChinaGreen Food Research Institute of Heilongjiang (National Research Center of Dairy Engineering and Technology), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, ChinaGreen Food Research Institute of Heilongjiang (National Research Center of Dairy Engineering and Technology), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, ChinaFood Department, Heilongjiang Administration for Market Regulation, Harbin, ChinaGreen Food Research Institute of Heilongjiang (National Research Center of Dairy Engineering and Technology), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, ChinaGreen Food Research Institute of Heilongjiang (National Research Center of Dairy Engineering and Technology), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, ChinaDepartment of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United StatesCollege of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, ChinaDepartment of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United StatesThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genotypic characteristics of Cronobacter isolated from powdered infant formula (PIF) manufacturing facilities and to identify a potential source of contamination. A total of 42 Cronobacter isolates (5%) were detected in 835 environmental samples collected during the surveillance study. These isolates included C. sakazakii (n = 37), C. malonaticus (n = 3), and C. turicensis (n = 2). The isolates were divided into 14 sequence types (STs) by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and 21 pulsotypes (PTs) using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The dominant C. sakazakii sequence types were ST3 (n = 12) and ST21 (n = 10), followed by ST136 (n = 6). The major PTs were PT22 (n = 12) and PT17 (n = 4) based on 100% similarity. Strains isolated from samples collected at the same production facility showed closer phylogenetic relation than those collected from distinct facilities. The result of extensive traceback sampling showed that PIF residues (PIF dust in production areas), fluid beds, drying areas, floors, and soil samples collected adjacent to the production facilities were the primary positive areas for Cronobacter. The present study outlines an effective approach to determine prevalence and genetic diversity of Cronobacter isolates associated with contamination of PIF.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01938/fullCronobacter spp.genetic diversityinfant formula production facilitiesmulti-locus sequence typingpulsed-field gel electrophoresis |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Yan Lu Yan Lu Peng Liu Changguo Li Miao Sha Jingquan Fang Jingwen Gao Xiaoxi Xu Karl R. Matthews |
spellingShingle |
Yan Lu Yan Lu Peng Liu Changguo Li Miao Sha Jingquan Fang Jingwen Gao Xiaoxi Xu Karl R. Matthews Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Cronobacter Species Isolated From Four Infant Formula Production Factories in China Frontiers in Microbiology Cronobacter spp. genetic diversity infant formula production facilities multi-locus sequence typing pulsed-field gel electrophoresis |
author_facet |
Yan Lu Yan Lu Peng Liu Changguo Li Miao Sha Jingquan Fang Jingwen Gao Xiaoxi Xu Karl R. Matthews |
author_sort |
Yan Lu |
title |
Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Cronobacter Species Isolated From Four Infant Formula Production Factories in China |
title_short |
Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Cronobacter Species Isolated From Four Infant Formula Production Factories in China |
title_full |
Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Cronobacter Species Isolated From Four Infant Formula Production Factories in China |
title_fullStr |
Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Cronobacter Species Isolated From Four Infant Formula Production Factories in China |
title_full_unstemmed |
Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Cronobacter Species Isolated From Four Infant Formula Production Factories in China |
title_sort |
prevalence and genetic diversity of cronobacter species isolated from four infant formula production factories in china |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Microbiology |
issn |
1664-302X |
publishDate |
2019-08-01 |
description |
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genotypic characteristics of Cronobacter isolated from powdered infant formula (PIF) manufacturing facilities and to identify a potential source of contamination. A total of 42 Cronobacter isolates (5%) were detected in 835 environmental samples collected during the surveillance study. These isolates included C. sakazakii (n = 37), C. malonaticus (n = 3), and C. turicensis (n = 2). The isolates were divided into 14 sequence types (STs) by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and 21 pulsotypes (PTs) using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The dominant C. sakazakii sequence types were ST3 (n = 12) and ST21 (n = 10), followed by ST136 (n = 6). The major PTs were PT22 (n = 12) and PT17 (n = 4) based on 100% similarity. Strains isolated from samples collected at the same production facility showed closer phylogenetic relation than those collected from distinct facilities. The result of extensive traceback sampling showed that PIF residues (PIF dust in production areas), fluid beds, drying areas, floors, and soil samples collected adjacent to the production facilities were the primary positive areas for Cronobacter. The present study outlines an effective approach to determine prevalence and genetic diversity of Cronobacter isolates associated with contamination of PIF. |
topic |
Cronobacter spp. genetic diversity infant formula production facilities multi-locus sequence typing pulsed-field gel electrophoresis |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01938/full |
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