Application of Three Ecological Assessment Tools in Examining Chromatographic Methods for the Green Analysis of a Mixture of Dopamine, Serotonin, Glutamate and GABA: A Comparative Study
The assessment of greenness of analytical protocols is of great importance now to preserve the environment. Some studies have analyzed either only the neurotransmitters, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), together or with other neurotransmitters and biomarkers. Howev...
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doaj-2fa82efc261a41668a48c74b4836c4832021-09-26T00:45:40ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-09-01265436543610.3390/molecules26185436Application of Three Ecological Assessment Tools in Examining Chromatographic Methods for the Green Analysis of a Mixture of Dopamine, Serotonin, Glutamate and GABA: A Comparative StudyAtiah H. Almalki0Ibrahim A. Naguib1Fahad S. Alshehri2Badrah S. Alghamdi3Hashem O. Alsaab4Yusuf S. Althobaiti5Sameer Alshehri6Fatma F. Abdallah7Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi ArabiaNeuroscience Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi ArabiaAddiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaAddiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaPharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, EgyptThe assessment of greenness of analytical protocols is of great importance now to preserve the environment. Some studies have analyzed either only the neurotransmitters, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), together or with other neurotransmitters and biomarkers. However, these methods have not been investigated for their greenness and were not compared with each other to find the optimum one. Therefore, this study aims to compare seven published chromatographic methods that analyzed the four neurotransmitters and their mixtures using the National Environmental Method Index, Analytical Eco-Scale Assessment (ESA), and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). As these methods cover both qualitative and quantitative aspects, they offer better transparency. Overall, GAPI showed maximum greenness throughout the analysis. Method 6 was proven to be the method of choice for analyzing the mixture, owing to its greenness, according to NEMI, ESA, and GAPI. Additionally, method 6 has a wide scope of application (13 components can be analyzed), high sensitivity (low LOQ values), and fast analysis (low retention times, especially for glutamate and GABA).https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/18/5436dopamineserotoninglutamateGABANEMIGAPI |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Atiah H. Almalki Ibrahim A. Naguib Fahad S. Alshehri Badrah S. Alghamdi Hashem O. Alsaab Yusuf S. Althobaiti Sameer Alshehri Fatma F. Abdallah |
spellingShingle |
Atiah H. Almalki Ibrahim A. Naguib Fahad S. Alshehri Badrah S. Alghamdi Hashem O. Alsaab Yusuf S. Althobaiti Sameer Alshehri Fatma F. Abdallah Application of Three Ecological Assessment Tools in Examining Chromatographic Methods for the Green Analysis of a Mixture of Dopamine, Serotonin, Glutamate and GABA: A Comparative Study Molecules dopamine serotonin glutamate GABA NEMI GAPI |
author_facet |
Atiah H. Almalki Ibrahim A. Naguib Fahad S. Alshehri Badrah S. Alghamdi Hashem O. Alsaab Yusuf S. Althobaiti Sameer Alshehri Fatma F. Abdallah |
author_sort |
Atiah H. Almalki |
title |
Application of Three Ecological Assessment Tools in Examining Chromatographic Methods for the Green Analysis of a Mixture of Dopamine, Serotonin, Glutamate and GABA: A Comparative Study |
title_short |
Application of Three Ecological Assessment Tools in Examining Chromatographic Methods for the Green Analysis of a Mixture of Dopamine, Serotonin, Glutamate and GABA: A Comparative Study |
title_full |
Application of Three Ecological Assessment Tools in Examining Chromatographic Methods for the Green Analysis of a Mixture of Dopamine, Serotonin, Glutamate and GABA: A Comparative Study |
title_fullStr |
Application of Three Ecological Assessment Tools in Examining Chromatographic Methods for the Green Analysis of a Mixture of Dopamine, Serotonin, Glutamate and GABA: A Comparative Study |
title_full_unstemmed |
Application of Three Ecological Assessment Tools in Examining Chromatographic Methods for the Green Analysis of a Mixture of Dopamine, Serotonin, Glutamate and GABA: A Comparative Study |
title_sort |
application of three ecological assessment tools in examining chromatographic methods for the green analysis of a mixture of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate and gaba: a comparative study |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Molecules |
issn |
1420-3049 |
publishDate |
2021-09-01 |
description |
The assessment of greenness of analytical protocols is of great importance now to preserve the environment. Some studies have analyzed either only the neurotransmitters, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), together or with other neurotransmitters and biomarkers. However, these methods have not been investigated for their greenness and were not compared with each other to find the optimum one. Therefore, this study aims to compare seven published chromatographic methods that analyzed the four neurotransmitters and their mixtures using the National Environmental Method Index, Analytical Eco-Scale Assessment (ESA), and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). As these methods cover both qualitative and quantitative aspects, they offer better transparency. Overall, GAPI showed maximum greenness throughout the analysis. Method 6 was proven to be the method of choice for analyzing the mixture, owing to its greenness, according to NEMI, ESA, and GAPI. Additionally, method 6 has a wide scope of application (13 components can be analyzed), high sensitivity (low LOQ values), and fast analysis (low retention times, especially for glutamate and GABA). |
topic |
dopamine serotonin glutamate GABA NEMI GAPI |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/18/5436 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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