Income inequality and COVID-19 mortality: Age-stratified analysis of 22 OECD countries

• Main Authors: Edgardo R. Sepulveda, Ann-Sylvia Brooker
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier 2021-12-01
• Series: SSM: Population Health
• Subjects: COVID-19; COVID; Income inequality; Poverty; Social determinants of health
• Online Access: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352827321001798

Our study builds on a growing body of research that demonstrates an association between income inequality and COVID-19 mortality. Using Poisson multivariate regression, we age-stratify our analysis by separately examining each of four age groups over a nine-month study period in 22 OECD countries. Our full regression model controls for national median income and relative poverty, and a set of pandemic-specific variables to capture exposure, susceptibility and treatment. We found that country-level income inequality, as measured by the disposable income Gini coefficient, is significantly and positively associated with COVID-19 mortality for all four age groups. Consistent with previous studies that analyzed all-cause mortality by age, our regression results found that the point estimate of the Gini coefficient generally declines with age. Our results suggest that inequality is possibly acting through generic and pandemic-specific processes to increase mortality via a more pronounced negative COVID-19 socio-economic status gradient in higher inequality countries.