Inflammatory Cytokines: Potential Biomarkers of Immunologic Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Autism is a disorder of neurobiological origin characterized by problems in communication and social skills and repetitive behavior. After more than six decades of research, the etiology of autism remains unknown, and no biomarkers have been proven to be characteristic of autism. A number of studies...
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doaj-306fa776175d4fedb19b561727b5e7e62020-11-24T23:14:12ZengHindawi LimitedMediators of Inflammation0962-93511466-18612015-01-01201510.1155/2015/531518531518Inflammatory Cytokines: Potential Biomarkers of Immunologic Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum DisordersNingan Xu0Xiaohong Li1Yan Zhong2Department of Children’s Health, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Hunan, ChinaDepartment of Neurochemistry, NY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY 10314, USADepartment of Children’s Health, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Hunan, ChinaAutism is a disorder of neurobiological origin characterized by problems in communication and social skills and repetitive behavior. After more than six decades of research, the etiology of autism remains unknown, and no biomarkers have been proven to be characteristic of autism. A number of studies have shown that the cytokine levels in the blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of autistic subjects differ from that of healthy individuals; for example, a series of studies suggests that interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) are significantly elevated in different tissues in autistic subjects. However, the expression of some cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-2, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), is controversial, and different studies have found various results in different tissues. In this review, we focused on several types of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines that might affect different cell signal pathways and play a role in the pathophysiological mechanism of autistic spectrum disorders.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/531518 |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Ningan Xu Xiaohong Li Yan Zhong |
spellingShingle |
Ningan Xu Xiaohong Li Yan Zhong Inflammatory Cytokines: Potential Biomarkers of Immunologic Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders Mediators of Inflammation |
author_facet |
Ningan Xu Xiaohong Li Yan Zhong |
author_sort |
Ningan Xu |
title |
Inflammatory Cytokines: Potential Biomarkers of Immunologic Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders |
title_short |
Inflammatory Cytokines: Potential Biomarkers of Immunologic Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders |
title_full |
Inflammatory Cytokines: Potential Biomarkers of Immunologic Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders |
title_fullStr |
Inflammatory Cytokines: Potential Biomarkers of Immunologic Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders |
title_full_unstemmed |
Inflammatory Cytokines: Potential Biomarkers of Immunologic Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders |
title_sort |
inflammatory cytokines: potential biomarkers of immunologic dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders |
publisher |
Hindawi Limited |
series |
Mediators of Inflammation |
issn |
0962-9351 1466-1861 |
publishDate |
2015-01-01 |
description |
Autism is a disorder of neurobiological origin characterized by problems in communication and social skills and repetitive behavior. After more than six decades of research, the etiology of autism remains unknown, and no biomarkers have been proven to be characteristic of autism. A number of studies have shown that the cytokine levels in the blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of autistic subjects differ from that of healthy individuals; for example, a series of studies suggests that interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) are significantly elevated in different tissues in autistic subjects. However, the expression of some cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-2, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), is controversial, and different studies have found various results in different tissues. In this review, we focused on several types of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines that might affect different cell signal pathways and play a role in the pathophysiological mechanism of autistic spectrum disorders. |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/531518 |
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