Fine-tuning of the flowering time control in winter barley: the importance of HvOS2 and HvVRN2 in non-inductive conditions
Abstract Background In winter barley plants, vernalization and photoperiod cues have to be integrated to promote flowering. Plant development and expression of different flowering promoter (HvVRN1, HvCO2, PPD-H1, HvFT1, HvFT3) and repressor (HvVRN2, HvCO9 and HvOS2) genes were evaluated in two winte...
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doaj-317edf150e654cfd8bd79680d8965ccb2020-11-25T01:53:44ZengBMCBMC Plant Biology1471-22292019-03-0119111410.1186/s12870-019-1727-9Fine-tuning of the flowering time control in winter barley: the importance of HvOS2 and HvVRN2 in non-inductive conditionsArantxa Monteagudo0Ernesto Igartua1Bruno Contreras-Moreira2M. Pilar Gracia3Javier Ramos4Ildikó Karsai5Ana M. Casas6Aula Dei Experimental Station (EEAD-CSIC)Aula Dei Experimental Station (EEAD-CSIC)Aula Dei Experimental Station (EEAD-CSIC)Aula Dei Experimental Station (EEAD-CSIC)Aula Dei Experimental Station (EEAD-CSIC)Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of SciencesAula Dei Experimental Station (EEAD-CSIC)Abstract Background In winter barley plants, vernalization and photoperiod cues have to be integrated to promote flowering. Plant development and expression of different flowering promoter (HvVRN1, HvCO2, PPD-H1, HvFT1, HvFT3) and repressor (HvVRN2, HvCO9 and HvOS2) genes were evaluated in two winter barley varieties under: (1) natural increasing photoperiod, without vernalization, and (2) under short day conditions in three insufficient vernalization treatments. These challenging conditions were chosen to capture non-optimal and natural responses, representative of those experienced in the Mediterranean area. Results In absence of vernalization and under increasing photoperiods, HvVRN2 expression increased with day-length, mainly between 12 and 13 h photoperiods in our latitudes. The flowering promoter gene in short days, HvFT3, was only expressed after receiving induction of cold or plant age, which was associated with low transcript levels of HvVRN2 and HvOS2. Under the sub-optimal conditions here described, great differences in development were found between the two winter barley varieties used in the study. Delayed development in ‘Barberousse’ was associated with increased expression levels of HvOS2. Novel variation for HvCO9 and HvOS2 is reported and might explain such differences. Conclusions The balance between the expression of flowering promoters and repressor genes regulates the promotion towards flowering or the maintenance of the vegetative state. HvOS2, an ortholog of FLC, appears as a strong candidate to mediate in the vernalization response of barley. Natural variation found would help to exploit the plasticity in development to obtain better-adapted varieties for current and future climate conditions.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12870-019-1727-9BarleyGene expressionHvCO2HvFT3HvOS2HvVRN1 |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Arantxa Monteagudo Ernesto Igartua Bruno Contreras-Moreira M. Pilar Gracia Javier Ramos Ildikó Karsai Ana M. Casas |
spellingShingle |
Arantxa Monteagudo Ernesto Igartua Bruno Contreras-Moreira M. Pilar Gracia Javier Ramos Ildikó Karsai Ana M. Casas Fine-tuning of the flowering time control in winter barley: the importance of HvOS2 and HvVRN2 in non-inductive conditions BMC Plant Biology Barley Gene expression HvCO2 HvFT3 HvOS2 HvVRN1 |
author_facet |
Arantxa Monteagudo Ernesto Igartua Bruno Contreras-Moreira M. Pilar Gracia Javier Ramos Ildikó Karsai Ana M. Casas |
author_sort |
Arantxa Monteagudo |
title |
Fine-tuning of the flowering time control in winter barley: the importance of HvOS2 and HvVRN2 in non-inductive conditions |
title_short |
Fine-tuning of the flowering time control in winter barley: the importance of HvOS2 and HvVRN2 in non-inductive conditions |
title_full |
Fine-tuning of the flowering time control in winter barley: the importance of HvOS2 and HvVRN2 in non-inductive conditions |
title_fullStr |
Fine-tuning of the flowering time control in winter barley: the importance of HvOS2 and HvVRN2 in non-inductive conditions |
title_full_unstemmed |
Fine-tuning of the flowering time control in winter barley: the importance of HvOS2 and HvVRN2 in non-inductive conditions |
title_sort |
fine-tuning of the flowering time control in winter barley: the importance of hvos2 and hvvrn2 in non-inductive conditions |
publisher |
BMC |
series |
BMC Plant Biology |
issn |
1471-2229 |
publishDate |
2019-03-01 |
description |
Abstract Background In winter barley plants, vernalization and photoperiod cues have to be integrated to promote flowering. Plant development and expression of different flowering promoter (HvVRN1, HvCO2, PPD-H1, HvFT1, HvFT3) and repressor (HvVRN2, HvCO9 and HvOS2) genes were evaluated in two winter barley varieties under: (1) natural increasing photoperiod, without vernalization, and (2) under short day conditions in three insufficient vernalization treatments. These challenging conditions were chosen to capture non-optimal and natural responses, representative of those experienced in the Mediterranean area. Results In absence of vernalization and under increasing photoperiods, HvVRN2 expression increased with day-length, mainly between 12 and 13 h photoperiods in our latitudes. The flowering promoter gene in short days, HvFT3, was only expressed after receiving induction of cold or plant age, which was associated with low transcript levels of HvVRN2 and HvOS2. Under the sub-optimal conditions here described, great differences in development were found between the two winter barley varieties used in the study. Delayed development in ‘Barberousse’ was associated with increased expression levels of HvOS2. Novel variation for HvCO9 and HvOS2 is reported and might explain such differences. Conclusions The balance between the expression of flowering promoters and repressor genes regulates the promotion towards flowering or the maintenance of the vegetative state. HvOS2, an ortholog of FLC, appears as a strong candidate to mediate in the vernalization response of barley. Natural variation found would help to exploit the plasticity in development to obtain better-adapted varieties for current and future climate conditions. |
topic |
Barley Gene expression HvCO2 HvFT3 HvOS2 HvVRN1 |
url |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12870-019-1727-9 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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