Usual Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years. Findings from the EsNuPI Study
Bone problems in the population begin to be establish in childhood. The present study aims to assess the usual calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D intakes, along with the food sources of these nutrients, in Spanish children participating in the EsNuPI (Estudio Nutricional en Población Infa...
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MDPI AG
2020-06-01
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Series: | Nutrients |
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Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/6/1787 |
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record_format |
Article |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Esther Cuadrado-Soto Ana M. López-Sobaler Ana Isabel Jiménez-Ortega Aránzazu Aparicio Laura M. Bermejo Ángela Hernández-Ruiz Federico Lara Villoslada Rosaura Leis Emilio Martínez de Victoria José Manuel Moreno María Dolores Ruiz-López María José Soto-Méndez Teresa Valero Gregorio Varela-Moreiras Ángel Gil Rosa M. Ortega |
spellingShingle |
Esther Cuadrado-Soto Ana M. López-Sobaler Ana Isabel Jiménez-Ortega Aránzazu Aparicio Laura M. Bermejo Ángela Hernández-Ruiz Federico Lara Villoslada Rosaura Leis Emilio Martínez de Victoria José Manuel Moreno María Dolores Ruiz-López María José Soto-Méndez Teresa Valero Gregorio Varela-Moreiras Ángel Gil Rosa M. Ortega Usual Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years. Findings from the EsNuPI Study Nutrients EsNuPI study calcium phosphorus magnesium vitamin D pediatric nutrition |
author_facet |
Esther Cuadrado-Soto Ana M. López-Sobaler Ana Isabel Jiménez-Ortega Aránzazu Aparicio Laura M. Bermejo Ángela Hernández-Ruiz Federico Lara Villoslada Rosaura Leis Emilio Martínez de Victoria José Manuel Moreno María Dolores Ruiz-López María José Soto-Méndez Teresa Valero Gregorio Varela-Moreiras Ángel Gil Rosa M. Ortega |
author_sort |
Esther Cuadrado-Soto |
title |
Usual Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years. Findings from the EsNuPI Study |
title_short |
Usual Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years. Findings from the EsNuPI Study |
title_full |
Usual Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years. Findings from the EsNuPI Study |
title_fullStr |
Usual Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years. Findings from the EsNuPI Study |
title_full_unstemmed |
Usual Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years. Findings from the EsNuPI Study |
title_sort |
usual dietary intake, nutritional adequacy and food sources of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin d of spanish children aged one to <10 years. findings from the esnupi study |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Nutrients |
issn |
2072-6643 |
publishDate |
2020-06-01 |
description |
Bone problems in the population begin to be establish in childhood. The present study aims to assess the usual calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D intakes, along with the food sources of these nutrients, in Spanish children participating in the EsNuPI (Estudio Nutricional en Población Infantil Española) study. Two 24 h dietary recalls were applied to 1448 children (1 to <10 years) divided into two sub-samples: one reference sample (RS) of the general population [<i>n</i> = 707] and another sample which exclusively included children consuming enriched or fortified milks, here called “adapted milks” (AMS) [<i>n</i> = 741]. Estimation of the usual intake shows that nutrient intake increased with age for all nutrients except vitamin D. Using as reference the Dietary Reference Values from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), calcium and magnesium intakes were found to be below the average requirement (AR) and adequate intake (AI), respectively, in a considerable percentage of children. Furthermore, phosphorus exceeded the AI in 100% of individuals and vitamin D was lower than the AI in almost all children studied. The results were very similar when considering only plausible reporters. When analyzing the food sources of the nutrients studied, milk and dairy products contributed the most to calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D. Other sources of calcium were cereals and vegetables; for phosphorus: meat, meat products, and cereals; for magnesium: cereals and fruits; and, for vitamin D: fish and eggs. These results highlight the desirability of improving the intake concerning these nutrients, which are involved in bone and metabolic health in children. The AMS group appeared to contribute better to the adequacy of those nutrients than the RS group, but both still need further improvement. Of special interest are the results of vitamin D intakes, which were significantly higher in the AMS group (although still below the AI), independent of age. |
topic |
EsNuPI study calcium phosphorus magnesium vitamin D pediatric nutrition |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/6/1787 |
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doaj-31f569d02eaa4c2bbd082a43cfef6db62020-11-25T03:13:14ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432020-06-01121787178710.3390/nu12061787Usual Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years. Findings from the EsNuPI StudyEsther Cuadrado-Soto0Ana M. López-Sobaler1Ana Isabel Jiménez-Ortega2Aránzazu Aparicio3Laura M. Bermejo4Ángela Hernández-Ruiz5Federico Lara Villoslada6Rosaura Leis7Emilio Martínez de Victoria8José Manuel Moreno9María Dolores Ruiz-López10María José Soto-Méndez11Teresa Valero12Gregorio Varela-Moreiras13Ángel Gil14Rosa M. Ortega15Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, SpainUCM Research Group VALORNUT-920030, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, SpainIberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Av. Del Conocimiento 12, 3ªpta, Armilla, 18016 Granada, SpainInstituto de Nutrición Puleva, 18004 Granada, SpainDepartment of Pediatrics, Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, SpainDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s.n, 18071 Granada, SpainPediatric Department, University of Navarra Clinic, Calle Marquesado de Sta. Marta, 1, 28027 Madrid, SpainIberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Av. Del Conocimiento 12, 3ªpta, Armilla, 18016 Granada, SpainIberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Av. Del Conocimiento 12, 3ªpta, Armilla, 18016 Granada, SpainSpanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), c/General Álvarez de Castro 20, 1ªpta, 28010 Madrid, SpainSpanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), c/General Álvarez de Castro 20, 1ªpta, 28010 Madrid, SpainIberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Av. Del Conocimiento 12, 3ªpta, Armilla, 18016 Granada, SpainDepartment of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, SpainBone problems in the population begin to be establish in childhood. The present study aims to assess the usual calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D intakes, along with the food sources of these nutrients, in Spanish children participating in the EsNuPI (Estudio Nutricional en Población Infantil Española) study. Two 24 h dietary recalls were applied to 1448 children (1 to <10 years) divided into two sub-samples: one reference sample (RS) of the general population [<i>n</i> = 707] and another sample which exclusively included children consuming enriched or fortified milks, here called “adapted milks” (AMS) [<i>n</i> = 741]. Estimation of the usual intake shows that nutrient intake increased with age for all nutrients except vitamin D. Using as reference the Dietary Reference Values from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), calcium and magnesium intakes were found to be below the average requirement (AR) and adequate intake (AI), respectively, in a considerable percentage of children. Furthermore, phosphorus exceeded the AI in 100% of individuals and vitamin D was lower than the AI in almost all children studied. The results were very similar when considering only plausible reporters. When analyzing the food sources of the nutrients studied, milk and dairy products contributed the most to calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D. Other sources of calcium were cereals and vegetables; for phosphorus: meat, meat products, and cereals; for magnesium: cereals and fruits; and, for vitamin D: fish and eggs. These results highlight the desirability of improving the intake concerning these nutrients, which are involved in bone and metabolic health in children. The AMS group appeared to contribute better to the adequacy of those nutrients than the RS group, but both still need further improvement. Of special interest are the results of vitamin D intakes, which were significantly higher in the AMS group (although still below the AI), independent of age.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/6/1787EsNuPI studycalciumphosphorusmagnesiumvitamin Dpediatric nutrition |