Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste
This study aims to optimize the composition (body formulation) and firing temperature of sustainable ceramic clay-based ceramics incorporated with electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag waste using general full factorial design (GFFD). The optimization is necessary to minimize drawbacks of high iron...
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-04-01
|
Series: | Crystals |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/11/4/442 |
id |
doaj-367e768541524b7396a377fe6cb78639 |
---|---|
record_format |
Article |
spelling |
doaj-367e768541524b7396a377fe6cb786392021-04-19T23:00:39ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522021-04-011144244210.3390/cryst11040442Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag WastePao Ter Teo0Siti Koriah Zakaria1Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif2Anasyida Abu Seman3Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib4Julie Juliewatty Mohamed5Mahani Yusoff6Abdul Hafidz Yusoff7Mardawani Mohamad8Arlina Ali9Mohamad Najmi Masri10Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, MalaysiaFaculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, MalaysiaSchool of Materials and Minerals Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, MalaysiaSchool of Materials and Minerals Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, MalaysiaDivision of Advanced Ceramic Materials Technology, Advanced Technology Training Center (ADTEC) Taiping, Kamunting 34600, Perak, MalaysiaFaculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, MalaysiaFaculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, MalaysiaFaculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, MalaysiaFaculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, MalaysiaFaculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, MalaysiaFaculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, MalaysiaThis study aims to optimize the composition (body formulation) and firing temperature of sustainable ceramic clay-based ceramics incorporated with electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag waste using general full factorial design (GFFD). The optimization is necessary to minimize drawbacks of high iron oxide’s fluxing agent (originated from electric arc furnace, EAF steel slag waste), which led to severe surface defects and high closed porosity issue of the ceramics. Statistical analysis of GFFD including model adequacy checking, analysis of variance (ANOVA), interaction plots, regression model, contour plot and response optimizer were conducted in the study. The responses (final properties of ceramics) investigated were firing shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, bulk density and modulus of rupture (MOR). Meanwhile, the factors employed in experimental parameters were weight percentage (wt.%) of EAF slag added and firing temperature. Upon statistical analysis, GFFD has deduced that wt.% amount of EAF slag added and firing temperatures are proven to significantly influence the final properties of the clay-based ceramic incorporated with EAF slag. The results of conducted statistical analysis were also highly significant and proven valid for the ceramics. Optimized properties (maximum MOR, minimum water absorption and apparent porosity) of the ceramic were attained at 50 wt.% of EAF slag added and firing temperature of 1180 °C.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/11/4/442general full factorial design (GFFD)electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag wastesustainable clay-based ceramics |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Pao Ter Teo Siti Koriah Zakaria Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif Anasyida Abu Seman Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib Julie Juliewatty Mohamed Mahani Yusoff Abdul Hafidz Yusoff Mardawani Mohamad Arlina Ali Mohamad Najmi Masri |
spellingShingle |
Pao Ter Teo Siti Koriah Zakaria Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif Anasyida Abu Seman Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib Julie Juliewatty Mohamed Mahani Yusoff Abdul Hafidz Yusoff Mardawani Mohamad Arlina Ali Mohamad Najmi Masri Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste Crystals general full factorial design (GFFD) electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag waste sustainable clay-based ceramics |
author_facet |
Pao Ter Teo Siti Koriah Zakaria Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif Anasyida Abu Seman Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib Julie Juliewatty Mohamed Mahani Yusoff Abdul Hafidz Yusoff Mardawani Mohamad Arlina Ali Mohamad Najmi Masri |
author_sort |
Pao Ter Teo |
title |
Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste |
title_short |
Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste |
title_full |
Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste |
title_fullStr |
Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste |
title_full_unstemmed |
Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste |
title_sort |
application of general full factorial statistical experimental design’s approach for the development of sustainable clay-based ceramics incorporated with malaysia’s electric arc furnace steel slag waste |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Crystals |
issn |
2073-4352 |
publishDate |
2021-04-01 |
description |
This study aims to optimize the composition (body formulation) and firing temperature of sustainable ceramic clay-based ceramics incorporated with electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag waste using general full factorial design (GFFD). The optimization is necessary to minimize drawbacks of high iron oxide’s fluxing agent (originated from electric arc furnace, EAF steel slag waste), which led to severe surface defects and high closed porosity issue of the ceramics. Statistical analysis of GFFD including model adequacy checking, analysis of variance (ANOVA), interaction plots, regression model, contour plot and response optimizer were conducted in the study. The responses (final properties of ceramics) investigated were firing shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, bulk density and modulus of rupture (MOR). Meanwhile, the factors employed in experimental parameters were weight percentage (wt.%) of EAF slag added and firing temperature. Upon statistical analysis, GFFD has deduced that wt.% amount of EAF slag added and firing temperatures are proven to significantly influence the final properties of the clay-based ceramic incorporated with EAF slag. The results of conducted statistical analysis were also highly significant and proven valid for the ceramics. Optimized properties (maximum MOR, minimum water absorption and apparent porosity) of the ceramic were attained at 50 wt.% of EAF slag added and firing temperature of 1180 °C. |
topic |
general full factorial design (GFFD) electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag waste sustainable clay-based ceramics |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/11/4/442 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT paoterteo applicationofgeneralfullfactorialstatisticalexperimentaldesignsapproachforthedevelopmentofsustainableclaybasedceramicsincorporatedwithmalaysiaselectricarcfurnacesteelslagwaste AT sitikoriahzakaria applicationofgeneralfullfactorialstatisticalexperimentaldesignsapproachforthedevelopmentofsustainableclaybasedceramicsincorporatedwithmalaysiaselectricarcfurnacesteelslagwaste AT nurulakmalmohdsharif applicationofgeneralfullfactorialstatisticalexperimentaldesignsapproachforthedevelopmentofsustainableclaybasedceramicsincorporatedwithmalaysiaselectricarcfurnacesteelslagwaste AT anasyidaabuseman applicationofgeneralfullfactorialstatisticalexperimentaldesignsapproachforthedevelopmentofsustainableclaybasedceramicsincorporatedwithmalaysiaselectricarcfurnacesteelslagwaste AT mustaffaaliazhartaib applicationofgeneralfullfactorialstatisticalexperimentaldesignsapproachforthedevelopmentofsustainableclaybasedceramicsincorporatedwithmalaysiaselectricarcfurnacesteelslagwaste AT juliejuliewattymohamed applicationofgeneralfullfactorialstatisticalexperimentaldesignsapproachforthedevelopmentofsustainableclaybasedceramicsincorporatedwithmalaysiaselectricarcfurnacesteelslagwaste AT mahaniyusoff applicationofgeneralfullfactorialstatisticalexperimentaldesignsapproachforthedevelopmentofsustainableclaybasedceramicsincorporatedwithmalaysiaselectricarcfurnacesteelslagwaste AT abdulhafidzyusoff applicationofgeneralfullfactorialstatisticalexperimentaldesignsapproachforthedevelopmentofsustainableclaybasedceramicsincorporatedwithmalaysiaselectricarcfurnacesteelslagwaste AT mardawanimohamad applicationofgeneralfullfactorialstatisticalexperimentaldesignsapproachforthedevelopmentofsustainableclaybasedceramicsincorporatedwithmalaysiaselectricarcfurnacesteelslagwaste AT arlinaali applicationofgeneralfullfactorialstatisticalexperimentaldesignsapproachforthedevelopmentofsustainableclaybasedceramicsincorporatedwithmalaysiaselectricarcfurnacesteelslagwaste AT mohamadnajmimasri applicationofgeneralfullfactorialstatisticalexperimentaldesignsapproachforthedevelopmentofsustainableclaybasedceramicsincorporatedwithmalaysiaselectricarcfurnacesteelslagwaste |
_version_ |
1721519049632907264 |